Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome (Syndrome nephroticum) is a clinical condition characterized by heavy proteinuria (protein in urine), hypoproteinemia (decreased levels of protein in the blood) with hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia (elevated fats in the blood) and edema (the islands).

The cause of

Nephrotic syndrome can develop in a variety of immune, toxic, metabolic or vascular disorders, in which the damage occurs primarily as increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall. According to the causal disease nephrotic syndrome is usually divided into primary nephrotic syndrome, occurring in primary glomerular disease, and secondary nephrotic syndrome, which develops over a number of other diseases (systemic diseases-systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis, hereditary and Metabolic Diseases - Alport syndrome, diabetes, amyloidosis, cancer, infection, allergens, toxins, and immunization, chemical compounds and drugs, circulatory disorders, etc.).

The clinical picture

The clinical picture intertwined are the symptoms and signs of underlying disease and nephrotic syndrome. The most characteristic sign are pale, doughy edema about the ankles, face and fingers, sometimes very severe, so as to give a picture of anasarca (generalized edema) with effusions in body cavities. The appearance of other signs of kidney disease (hypertension - high blood pressure, hematuria - blood in urine, azotemia - nitrogen components in the blood) and their expression depends on the nature glomerular damage.

Nephrotic syndrome can follow a number of complications. These patients are very prone to infections, then often suffer from atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease due to long-term hyperlipidemia. As there are complications and thrombosis, acute renal failure, endocrine and metabolic disorders and inadequate diet with abundant proteinuria can lead to malnutrition. The skin is dry, thin, brittle nails, with white cross races, the hair is dry, colorless, often present and anemia.

Diagnosis

It is based on clinical picture, laboratory tests (urine and blood test)

Treatment

Treatment depends on the causal disease. Patients can propose appropriate hygiene - dietary regimen, along with symptomatic therapy, and treatment of complications. It is advisable to rest, a normal protein intake and restricted salt intake. The combination of diuretics are used to increase urine output and reduce edema.

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