Urinalysis is one of the most useful screening method, the results can provide basic information about the metabolic state and the state of genito-urinary system.
Routine examination of the urine is one of the basic laboratory analysis. Any such examination shall consist of three parts:
First Description of the physical and physical-chemical properties of urine: appearance, color, odor, specific gravity and reaction.
Second Chemical analysis. The most common chemical analyzes of the analysis on the protein, sugar, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin and nitrite.
3rd View the urinary sediment that is. microscopic examination of the sediment that gets stale after centrifugation.
First morning urine is collected in a sterile container with the necessary hygiene odgovarojuća patient and do not take the first, the second stream of the first morning urine. Urine should be collected in the appropriate bottle, which can be purchased at any pharmacy, and to avoid other types of packaging, because of possible contamination.
Appearance of urine - normal: bright appearance
-Turbid urine - indicating an increased number of leukocytes, in an inflammatory process, as well as fungi, bacteria, mucus and other elements that can be found in urine sediment.
Color - normal: yellow. Color may vary depending on the amount of liquid loaded - from light yellow to dark yellow, and it is influenced and increased body temperature, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea. What is urine more concentrated, the color is darker. Interestingly, the pink color of urine can occur, for example, when consumed higher amounts of beets or blackberries.
-Dark brown urine - indicating an increase in bilirubin, which is usually a sign of liver damage or the onset of jaundice. Some people normally have an increased bilirubin, so that they look like normal urine.
-The Red urine - indicating the presence of hemoglobin, which usually indicates kidney damage, which the blood appears in the urine (usually kidney stones or sand), but also in various inflammatory processes, damage to the urinary tract and bladder.
Response - normal: acidic pH, pH is between 5 and 6
• Alkaline reaction - usually indicates a bacterial infection.
Specific density - reference value of 1.012 to 1.025, varies depending on the amount of liquid loaded and ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
-Increased density may be a sign of diabetes, hypertension, disorders of the adrenal gland hormones function, kidney damage. It occurs due to the increased water loss - vomiting, diarrhea and fever.
-Is usually reduced by the increased excretion of urine.
Proteins - Normal: negative
-Can be positive due to increased physical activity or during pregnancy, when it is not a sign of pathology. The appearance of protein in the urine in all other states is a sign of an inflammatory process.
Glucose - normal: negative
-Positive result of glucose in the urine is mainly associated with increased values of this parameter in the blood (above 10 mmol / L), which usually happens in diabetics.
Acetone - Normal: negative
-Positive finding is present in diabetics
Bilirubin - Normal: negative
Urobilinogen - Normal: negative
-Positive results may be a sign of liver damage or bile.
Nitrites - Normal: negative
-Positive finding is an indicator of the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract
Erythrocytes - Normal: negative or a very few, one or two in the microscope field
-Found in the urine indicates disturbance in the functioning of the kidney or urinary tract, and a possible urinary stones. This finding may also occur after heavy physical work or injury
Erythrocytes fresh - Normal: negative
-Pozifivni are usually a sign of the presence of urinary stones or sand in the kidney and urinary
roads.
Erythrocytes fade - Normal: negative
-The most positive sign due to infection or chronic kidney disease.
Leukocytes - Normal: up to 5
-They are found in urine sediment when it comes to the existence of inflammatory processes and infections. Usually with a large number of white blood cells occurs and an increased number of bacteria, and in this situation, recommendations and urine culture done.
Cylinders - Normal: negative. Cylinders are forms that occur in the kidney tubules and take their shape.
-Positive findings indicate chronic renal disease. In the urine of healthy individuals can only be found so. hyaline casts and rare. Cell, granular and waxy casts are a sign of pathological conditions and their identification is important for the diagnosis or ask of the disease.
Epithelial cell panel - normal: small
-These cells line the urinal tract. Their appearance in the urine to any extent no greater diagnostic value.
Round epithelial cells - normal: negative
-A positive finding indicates the most damage to the kidneys.
Bacteria - Normal: negative
-Bacteria may be small, it does not necessarily indicate infection, but contamination due to improper sample taken. If there is enough urine sample (or how it's used in the lab report said "mass") that's a good sign of a urinary infection.
And salt crystals
Amorphous urates - Normal: negative
-A positive finding has no diagnostic value.
Crystals of calcium oxalate - normal: small
-A positive test result does not necessarily indicate disease, but may be a sign of kidney sand.
Uric acid crystals - Normal: negative
-A positive finding indicates a kidney disease.
Triple phosphate crystals - Normal: negative
-A positive finding may be a sign of bacterial infection.
Mucus - Normal: negative or slightly
-A positive finding is of little diagnostic value.
Fungi - Normal: negative
-A positive finding is the most common sign of a fungal infection, and can occur in diabetics.
Sperm - Normal: negative
-A positive finding occurs in older men and indicates damage to the prostate.
Routine examination of the urine is one of the basic laboratory analysis. Any such examination shall consist of three parts:
First Description of the physical and physical-chemical properties of urine: appearance, color, odor, specific gravity and reaction.
Second Chemical analysis. The most common chemical analyzes of the analysis on the protein, sugar, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin and nitrite.
3rd View the urinary sediment that is. microscopic examination of the sediment that gets stale after centrifugation.
First morning urine is collected in a sterile container with the necessary hygiene odgovarojuća patient and do not take the first, the second stream of the first morning urine. Urine should be collected in the appropriate bottle, which can be purchased at any pharmacy, and to avoid other types of packaging, because of possible contamination.
Appearance of urine - normal: bright appearance
-Turbid urine - indicating an increased number of leukocytes, in an inflammatory process, as well as fungi, bacteria, mucus and other elements that can be found in urine sediment.
Color - normal: yellow. Color may vary depending on the amount of liquid loaded - from light yellow to dark yellow, and it is influenced and increased body temperature, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea. What is urine more concentrated, the color is darker. Interestingly, the pink color of urine can occur, for example, when consumed higher amounts of beets or blackberries.
-Dark brown urine - indicating an increase in bilirubin, which is usually a sign of liver damage or the onset of jaundice. Some people normally have an increased bilirubin, so that they look like normal urine.
-The Red urine - indicating the presence of hemoglobin, which usually indicates kidney damage, which the blood appears in the urine (usually kidney stones or sand), but also in various inflammatory processes, damage to the urinary tract and bladder.
Response - normal: acidic pH, pH is between 5 and 6
• Alkaline reaction - usually indicates a bacterial infection.
Specific density - reference value of 1.012 to 1.025, varies depending on the amount of liquid loaded and ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
-Increased density may be a sign of diabetes, hypertension, disorders of the adrenal gland hormones function, kidney damage. It occurs due to the increased water loss - vomiting, diarrhea and fever.
-Is usually reduced by the increased excretion of urine.
Proteins - Normal: negative
-Can be positive due to increased physical activity or during pregnancy, when it is not a sign of pathology. The appearance of protein in the urine in all other states is a sign of an inflammatory process.
Glucose - normal: negative
-Positive result of glucose in the urine is mainly associated with increased values of this parameter in the blood (above 10 mmol / L), which usually happens in diabetics.
Acetone - Normal: negative
-Positive finding is present in diabetics
Bilirubin - Normal: negative
Urobilinogen - Normal: negative
-Positive results may be a sign of liver damage or bile.
Nitrites - Normal: negative
-Positive finding is an indicator of the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract
Erythrocytes - Normal: negative or a very few, one or two in the microscope field
-Found in the urine indicates disturbance in the functioning of the kidney or urinary tract, and a possible urinary stones. This finding may also occur after heavy physical work or injury
Erythrocytes fresh - Normal: negative
-Pozifivni are usually a sign of the presence of urinary stones or sand in the kidney and urinary
roads.
Erythrocytes fade - Normal: negative
-The most positive sign due to infection or chronic kidney disease.
Leukocytes - Normal: up to 5
-They are found in urine sediment when it comes to the existence of inflammatory processes and infections. Usually with a large number of white blood cells occurs and an increased number of bacteria, and in this situation, recommendations and urine culture done.
Cylinders - Normal: negative. Cylinders are forms that occur in the kidney tubules and take their shape.
-Positive findings indicate chronic renal disease. In the urine of healthy individuals can only be found so. hyaline casts and rare. Cell, granular and waxy casts are a sign of pathological conditions and their identification is important for the diagnosis or ask of the disease.
Epithelial cell panel - normal: small
-These cells line the urinal tract. Their appearance in the urine to any extent no greater diagnostic value.
Round epithelial cells - normal: negative
-A positive finding indicates the most damage to the kidneys.
Bacteria - Normal: negative
-Bacteria may be small, it does not necessarily indicate infection, but contamination due to improper sample taken. If there is enough urine sample (or how it's used in the lab report said "mass") that's a good sign of a urinary infection.
And salt crystals
Amorphous urates - Normal: negative
-A positive finding has no diagnostic value.
Crystals of calcium oxalate - normal: small
-A positive test result does not necessarily indicate disease, but may be a sign of kidney sand.
Uric acid crystals - Normal: negative
-A positive finding indicates a kidney disease.
Triple phosphate crystals - Normal: negative
-A positive finding may be a sign of bacterial infection.
Mucus - Normal: negative or slightly
-A positive finding is of little diagnostic value.
Fungi - Normal: negative
-A positive finding is the most common sign of a fungal infection, and can occur in diabetics.
Sperm - Normal: negative
-A positive finding occurs in older men and indicates damage to the prostate.
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