Urinary tract infections are the most common infectious disease group. Urinary infections are a diverse group of diseases that present with clinical signs of inflammation of the bladder, kidney, prostate, urethra and epididymis and testis.
They differ in etiology, epidemiology, localization, symptoms and treatment options, and prognosis and complications. It is a very common practice in clinical settings, family physicians, infectious disease specialist, internist and urologist. Although the urinary system can be affected by the spread of microorganisms by blood (hematogenous) or lymphoma, the most common urinary tract colonization is a retrograde spread of infection in the urethra of the upper parts of the urinary tract which refers particularly to intestinal bacteria (E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae).
In addition to the above-mentioned diseases, which have their own specific clinical picture, there may be bacteria in the urine, which does not lead to the onset of symptoms, and this condition is called "asymptomatic bacteriuria". It should be noted, and sexually transmitted infection caused by Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma chlamydia, trichomonas, and Neisseria gonorhoeae Human papilloma virus (HPV). Such infections are usually present as inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) or epididymis (epididymitis). Some types of HPV can lead to cervical malignancies.
Furthermore it is very important to distinguish between uncomplicated and complicated infections.Uncomplicated occur in healthy people, mostly in women due to the anatomical structure and relations of pelvic organs. Complicated infections imply the existence of another, functional or organic diseases of the urinary system that supports the creation and support infection (eg, stones, urinary tract malformations, diabetes, other chronic diseases that weaken the body's resistance ...).
The most common infection is certainly uncomplicated cystitis in women (inflammation of the bladder) in which more than 80% of cases caused by E. coli. It is advisable, before prescribing antimicrobial therapy, a urine bacterial pathogens but that's not always possible to relatively frequently prescribed antibiotic susceptibility testing and with no finding. In this situation also advises the use of empiric treatment nitrofurantoin (Ninura) 2 times daily 100 mg for 5 days or ciprofloxacin (Cifloxa) 2 250 mg twice a day during the same time. It is important to note that it is necessary to take the 2-3 liters of fluid per day.
Due to the upward spread of bacteria urinary system often develop inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis), which is regularly monitored the appearance of general symptoms such as high fever, pain in the lumbar region, chills and shivering sometimes also vomiting. Such a situation, if the infection is uncomplicated, it can be cared for at home and empirical antibiotic therapy of choice is ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) but now at a dose of 2 500 mg twice a day for 10 days.
Often uncomplicated infection in women persistently recur so we need to give prophylactic antibiotics taking low doses over a long period of time. Certainly a previous infection should prior to cure, and to confirm the findings of two sterile urine at intervals of 1-2 weeks. Then we can start where prophylaxis is usually prescribed nitrofurantoin (Ninur) once daily at a dose of 50 or 100 mg. There is also a so-called. postcoital prophylaxis where nitrofurantoin (Ninur) is taken after sexual intercourse, and only one tablet of 100 mg.
Patients with diabetes, and those taking immunosuppressive therapy, are particularly vulnerable to the emergence and spread of urinary tract infections. Nearly a quarter of women with diabetes has značajnju amount of bacteria in the urine and usually it is enterobacteria or Klebsiella. Pregnant women are particularly exposed rizinku occurrence of urinary tract infections and cystitis is most at risk of progression to kidney inflammation. If a pregnant woman has no symptoms, but the urine has more than 1000 bacteria per milliliter ("more than 10 on the third") are advised to take nitrofurantoin (Ninur) 2 times daily, 100 mg, for 3-5 days.
Urological diseases that are further complicated by an infection requiring removal of the primary cause, or the underlying disease, usually surgically. In such circumstances it is necessary to first remove the obstruction caused by concrement, stricture or enlarged prostate, but of course at the same time treat the infection, where a group of fluorinated quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin - Ciflox) plays an important role. If it is a urological operations that are not followed by the infection, then with sterile urine-so. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose usually during induction of anesthesia. If the procedure works without anesthesia, such as prostate biopsy prophylaxis is given orally and ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) 2x500 mg a day before the biopsy, the biopsy day and three days later.
Other urological diseases such as urethritis, prostatitis and epididymitis is often treated with antibiotics and other, sometimes in the form of combination therapy, but in the case of poor therapeutic effect is often used fluorinated quinolones - ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) and later in the prevention of recurrence of nitrofurantoin (Ninur) .
In patients who have permanent urinary catheter antibiotic therapy is not required if there is evidence of infection, which is necessary for a couple of days after the catheter. Most are due to high fever and chills and shivering and frequently develop and epididymitis.
It is important to emphasize that every antibiotic treatment with urinary tract infections need to take plenty of fluids, and all kinds of urethral and ureteral catheter removed as soon as possible, or as soon as circumstances permit.
They differ in etiology, epidemiology, localization, symptoms and treatment options, and prognosis and complications. It is a very common practice in clinical settings, family physicians, infectious disease specialist, internist and urologist. Although the urinary system can be affected by the spread of microorganisms by blood (hematogenous) or lymphoma, the most common urinary tract colonization is a retrograde spread of infection in the urethra of the upper parts of the urinary tract which refers particularly to intestinal bacteria (E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae).
In addition to the above-mentioned diseases, which have their own specific clinical picture, there may be bacteria in the urine, which does not lead to the onset of symptoms, and this condition is called "asymptomatic bacteriuria". It should be noted, and sexually transmitted infection caused by Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma chlamydia, trichomonas, and Neisseria gonorhoeae Human papilloma virus (HPV). Such infections are usually present as inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) or epididymis (epididymitis). Some types of HPV can lead to cervical malignancies.
Furthermore it is very important to distinguish between uncomplicated and complicated infections.Uncomplicated occur in healthy people, mostly in women due to the anatomical structure and relations of pelvic organs. Complicated infections imply the existence of another, functional or organic diseases of the urinary system that supports the creation and support infection (eg, stones, urinary tract malformations, diabetes, other chronic diseases that weaken the body's resistance ...).
The most common infection is certainly uncomplicated cystitis in women (inflammation of the bladder) in which more than 80% of cases caused by E. coli. It is advisable, before prescribing antimicrobial therapy, a urine bacterial pathogens but that's not always possible to relatively frequently prescribed antibiotic susceptibility testing and with no finding. In this situation also advises the use of empiric treatment nitrofurantoin (Ninura) 2 times daily 100 mg for 5 days or ciprofloxacin (Cifloxa) 2 250 mg twice a day during the same time. It is important to note that it is necessary to take the 2-3 liters of fluid per day.
Due to the upward spread of bacteria urinary system often develop inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis), which is regularly monitored the appearance of general symptoms such as high fever, pain in the lumbar region, chills and shivering sometimes also vomiting. Such a situation, if the infection is uncomplicated, it can be cared for at home and empirical antibiotic therapy of choice is ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) but now at a dose of 2 500 mg twice a day for 10 days.
Often uncomplicated infection in women persistently recur so we need to give prophylactic antibiotics taking low doses over a long period of time. Certainly a previous infection should prior to cure, and to confirm the findings of two sterile urine at intervals of 1-2 weeks. Then we can start where prophylaxis is usually prescribed nitrofurantoin (Ninur) once daily at a dose of 50 or 100 mg. There is also a so-called. postcoital prophylaxis where nitrofurantoin (Ninur) is taken after sexual intercourse, and only one tablet of 100 mg.
Patients with diabetes, and those taking immunosuppressive therapy, are particularly vulnerable to the emergence and spread of urinary tract infections. Nearly a quarter of women with diabetes has značajnju amount of bacteria in the urine and usually it is enterobacteria or Klebsiella. Pregnant women are particularly exposed rizinku occurrence of urinary tract infections and cystitis is most at risk of progression to kidney inflammation. If a pregnant woman has no symptoms, but the urine has more than 1000 bacteria per milliliter ("more than 10 on the third") are advised to take nitrofurantoin (Ninur) 2 times daily, 100 mg, for 3-5 days.
Urological diseases that are further complicated by an infection requiring removal of the primary cause, or the underlying disease, usually surgically. In such circumstances it is necessary to first remove the obstruction caused by concrement, stricture or enlarged prostate, but of course at the same time treat the infection, where a group of fluorinated quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin - Ciflox) plays an important role. If it is a urological operations that are not followed by the infection, then with sterile urine-so. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose usually during induction of anesthesia. If the procedure works without anesthesia, such as prostate biopsy prophylaxis is given orally and ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) 2x500 mg a day before the biopsy, the biopsy day and three days later.
Other urological diseases such as urethritis, prostatitis and epididymitis is often treated with antibiotics and other, sometimes in the form of combination therapy, but in the case of poor therapeutic effect is often used fluorinated quinolones - ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) and later in the prevention of recurrence of nitrofurantoin (Ninur) .
In patients who have permanent urinary catheter antibiotic therapy is not required if there is evidence of infection, which is necessary for a couple of days after the catheter. Most are due to high fever and chills and shivering and frequently develop and epididymitis.
It is important to emphasize that every antibiotic treatment with urinary tract infections need to take plenty of fluids, and all kinds of urethral and ureteral catheter removed as soon as possible, or as soon as circumstances permit.
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