tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11211907509369291322024-03-05T22:53:36.863+01:00KIDNEY DISEASEAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-80190659334528861732014-06-11T11:30:00.000+02:002014-06-11T11:30:07.152+02:00Natural remedies for urinary tract infections <h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Urinary tract infections are a very common problem, especially among women.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Today, there are a number of drugs that can be used to treat urinary tract infections.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> Drugs </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">sometimes have adverse side effects. </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Nature gives us the full range of compositions that can be used to aid in urinary tract infections.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The largest number of drugs made from the extraction of medicinal plants.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Before using natural remedies you necessarily need to see a doctor, and to do urine analysis. Your doctor will decide whether you need to do some additional tests. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">There are a number of plants that have beneficial effects on the kidneys and urinary system. The most commonly we use herbs that increase the secretion of urine, or have a diuretic effect. Many of them also have antiseptic and antibacterial activity. These are uva ursi tea, birch, horsetail, nettles, thorn rabbit, corn silk, cranberry, thyme and rose hip.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Depending on the type of kidney disease are recommended and certain herbal teas. We had famous blend of teas for the kidneys, which has long been used to cleanse the kidneys and the entire body. This blend is made from nettle, St. John's wort and chicory. This tea is good for kidney stones and renal cysts. At the same time detoxifying your entire body. This tea speeds up the kidneys and should not be used longer than twenty days. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Teas that increase urination does not take long to use and occasionally need to take a break. In patients who have the sand and stones in the kidney is typically used, which is a combination of tea leaves and birch nettle, hops and rod. Sometimes the above mixture and add a little lady's mantle, which soothes pain and muscle spasm. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Before using tea needed to perform a medical examination and if it is possible to determine what kind of stone it is (oxalates, carbonates), and according to the findings of used tea to dissolve kidney stones.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">If your urine test shows protein, leukocytes, and other pathological materials, recommended tea St John of flowers or cleavers. Be sure to use before you need to visit a doctor. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Bacterial infections of the urinary tract, such as E. coli infections, streptococcus and staphylococcus besides consuming diuretic teas are recommended and teas which have antiseptic and antibacterial activity. These are uvin tea, cranberry, rabbit, thyme and chicory. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Cranberry is known popularly as the red bilberry, and to treat urinary infections. Cranberry fruit because of its high content of vitamin C increases the acidity of the lining of the urinary tract, which favors the growth of bacteria. Cranberries leaves destroys bacteria such as E. coli. Pregnant women should be careful with using uva ursi cause it can produce uterine contractions if consumed in large quantities. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Tannins adversely affect the kidneys, but also in some other organs, and is not recommended for people who have heart problems. Uva ursi tea you should not drink more than seven days. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Unlike the list of reserves, cranberry tea leaf can be consumed indefinitely, because there is no such side effects </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Bacterial infections of the urinary tract can be treated successfully by birch leaf tea to which is added a bit of baking soda, which has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anti-bacterial effect and creates an unfavorable base to the urinary tract, which kills bacteria. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Tea made from cranberry fruit is always used after antibiotics to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Cranberry stimulates the immune system, while at the same time and creates a protective layer, which prevents E. coli that inhabit the urethra. This tea should be suitable to preventative care. </span></span></div>
<br /><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Never in my hand reach for the antibiotics.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Make a physical examination and urinalysis.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Natural remedies are very effective when it comes to urinary tract infections . Frequent use of antibiotics is dangerous, because it leads to the development of resistant strains to antibiotics cease to be effective. </span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">At long use of antibiotics there is the possibility of developing a fungal infection with Candida.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The use of antibiotics should be reduced to a minimum.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Use medicines that improve immunity.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Do not overdo it with natural products.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Long-term use of nettle can cause hives.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></span><br /><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6735930316699343013" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 638px;">
Frequent consumption uva ursi tea can cause heart problems. </div>
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Sometimes instead of coffee you make yourself a cup of tea cranberry. </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-33902724254036423592014-05-01T08:45:00.003+02:002014-05-01T08:45:48.786+02:00Food for kidney patients<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">In kidney disease, special attention must be paid to diet.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Proper diet can significantly slow down the deterioration of kidney disease and the start of hemodialysis.</span></h3>
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<span class="notranslate">People who have kidney disease should not eat foods rich in potassium, because it can be life threatening.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Sick kidneys have the ability to eliminate the rule of potassium from the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">High values of potassium in the body can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Any person who has a diagnosis of kidney disease is wondering what to eat, how to slow down kidney damage and prevent dialysis?</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Diet for kidney patients</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">The following is a list of foods that are harmful to the kidneys:</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Nutrition for kidney patients should be carefully planned and controlled.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">People who suffer from kidney disease (acute or chronic renal failure, elevated levels of urea and creatinine) should be adjusted diet that will not further burden their kidneys or exacerbate underlying disease.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">The main goal of customized food for renal protein intake is reduced, a reduced intake of fluid and salt in order to reduce the load of diseased kidneys.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Protein intake should be limited to about 40 g per day.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Food for kidney patients</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Kidney patients can eat the following foods: chicken, turkey, unsalted cheese, fish, egg, yogurt and skim milk.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Daily energy intake should come mainly from carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Vegetables that should eat kidney patients include: cabbage, zucchini, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumbers, green beans, carrots, beets, green and red peppers, roasted potatoes, onions and garlic.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Fruit not eat kidney patients include: pears, apples, oranges, strawberries, grapes, raspberries, blackberries.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Food for kidney patients should be prepared without added salt, so it is advisable to use as a flavoring herbs.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">In patients with no urinary excretion of reduced and in which there are islands and high blood pressure, can allow the use of a moderate salt.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><u><b>In cases of increased serum potassium values,</b></u> exclude from your diet foods rich in potassium as PTO are: tomatoes, spinach, lentils, beans, bananas, figs, apricots.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><u><b>Foods that should be excluded from the diet are:</b></u> industrial soup (soup out of the bag), cubes of soup, meat products, canned products, alcoholic and sweet fizzy drinks.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-1003259467890170542014-03-23T08:17:00.004+01:002014-03-23T08:17:52.003+01:00Diet for kidney patients<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Celery, radishes, and cranberries are healthy kidney</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></h3>
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<span class="notranslate">Celery, horseradish and radishes are powerful 'blood purifier' that are friendly to your kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">The above plants can maintain the health of your kidneys.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">In addition to the regular consumption of these plants for healthy kidneys need restrict salt intake, the processed meats and sugary drinks.</span> <span class="notranslate">This procedure significantly reduces the risk of kidney stones</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The kidneys are organs that boys shape of the beans, and the size of men's hands.</span> <span class="notranslate">These bodies have the perfect mechanism for the processing of various substances, and their task is to maintain the blood clean from toxins.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Daily through urine eliminate waste products and water.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidney function is extremely important, because if you keep up with your homework, waste products accumulate in the blood and cause uremia.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Daily pass through the kidneys and important substances such as electrolytes and minerals.</span> <span class="notranslate">The kidneys maintain their balance.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidneys decide how much sodium, potassium and phosphorus retained in the body, and how much will be extracted.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidneys except regulation of water and electrolyte and have some additional functions such as the release of the three vital hormones important for the synthesis of red blood cells, participating in the regulation of arterial blood of pressure and maintenance of the optimal level of calcium in the body.</span><span class="notranslate">The balance of mentioned substances essential for optimal health.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Healthy kidneys have a large reserve capacity and can cope with and the most unhealthy diet, you can eliminate a large amount of harmful substances.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, every organ in the body has its limits.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you terrorizing your body every day, and if in your family, there are people with diseased kidneys, have to be very careful.</span> <span class="notranslate">You need to keep your kidneys, pay attention to diet and regular control of their function.</span> <span class="notranslate">A large number of kidney disease is hereditary.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">If renal function begins to decline, caused various problems.</span> <span class="notranslate">Namely, then the kidney can no longer be so effectively throw all the harmful substances that occur in our body and is necessary to help him in the form of customized nutrition.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Food that is undesirable for your kidneys</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Although each person is special biochemical individual, there are certain nutrients that need attention when it comes to the health of the kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Primarily must be controlled intake of protein and phosphorus in the diet, but also pay attention to the sodium and phosphorus.</span> <span class="notranslate">Smart is a diet plan created in collaboration with a physician or nutritionist.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, certain changes in your diet have to do it yourself.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">First of all it is necessary to limit the amount of protein in the diet, as it will help in reducing the production of waste.</span> <span class="notranslate">In short, there is less load on the kidneys, which keeps its backup capability.</span> <span class="notranslate">How much protein daily may enter depends on the severity of the condition, but of course sometimes you need to choose animal foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products because they provide all the amino acids needed by the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">With milk and dairy products still should not be exaggerated because of the high levels of phosphorus.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The balance of calcium and phosphorus is important in the body for the maintenance of healthy bones and teeth.</span> <span class="notranslate">But if the kidneys are not working optimally, phosphorus can accumulate in the blood and cause a'' pull'' of calcium from the bones.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, high levels of phosphorus can cause a number of symptoms, such as pain in the bones and muscles, and heart failure and the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is therefore necessary to limit the intake of foods rich in phosphorus, such as meat, nuts, seeds, legumes, and milk and cheese.</span> <span class="notranslate">Many carbonated beverages, are rich in phosphorus and is necessary to forget about them.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Sodium in the diet comes mainly from salt.</span> <span class="notranslate">The limitation of salt intake helps control blood pressure and prevents the retention (retention) in the body fluid.</span> <span class="notranslate">Processed and canned foods also contain large amounts of sodium, so it is important to be sure to read the declaration on product.</span> <span class="notranslate">Some mineral waters can be high in sodium.</span> <span class="notranslate">If it is related to the sodium bicarbonate does not have an adverse effect on arterial blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">On the contrary, the mineral water has a rich bicarbonate proven beneficial effect on blood pressure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The sick kidneys are not able to effectively eliminate the potassium which leads to an excessive build-up in his blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">Increased potassium is the biggest risk in kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Increased potassium threatens your life and can lead to fatal heart rhythm disturbances.</span> <span class="notranslate">Increased potassium is one of the factors why people with kidney failure go on dialysis.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Bananas, oranges, potatoes and tomatoes are potent sources of potassium, but it contains other fruits and vegetables in larger or smaller amounts, so caution is necessary in the composition of the menu.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">An important part of the diet seems adequate fluid intake.</span> <span class="notranslate">Healthy kidneys is not a problem if a person drinks a day for two to three liters of water.</span> <span class="notranslate">On the contrary, water is necessary for the normal functioning of the kidneys and removal of poisons.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, contrary to the situation in healthy people, in people with kidney disease must be reduced and controlled intake of fluids and electrolytes.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-59873727690368056462013-12-13T12:21:00.001+01:002013-12-13T12:21:41.349+01:00Habits that are destroying your kidney<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">The kidneys are organs impressive through which passes every 45 minutes for about 5 liters of water. </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Our kidneys eliminate toxins from our body and maintain the balance of minerals in the body.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Every day in the regulation of arterial blood pressure.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;"> F</span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">rom day to day, our kidneys produce erythropoietin, which maintains blood counts to normal values.</span></h3>
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<span class="notranslate">A healthy body in 24 h excreted an average of about 2 liters of urine.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">How often reach for painkillers?</span> <span class="notranslate">How can just a coffee and a cigarette, especially in the morning after waking up?</span> <span class="notranslate">How great are going to a popular soft drink after a so salt meal ?</span> <span class="notranslate">You like to put so much salt on your food?</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">It's really pretty!</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">How often have you wondered how all these habits affect our body, in our liver and kidneys?</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">The human body is very tolerant, given the terror that every day we make it.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">The kidneys are responsible for natural detoxification.</span> <span class="notranslate">There are very bad habits that distort the process of detoxification and elimination of toxins from our body.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Below are some tips that should certainly read:</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><b>Painkillers dangerous for the kidneys, heart and stomach</b></span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Prolonged and frequent use of painkillers is very dangerous.</span> <span class="notranslate">In particular it relates to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, etc..</span> <span class="notranslate">Today in medicine there is a kidney disease called nephropathy medication, which means inflammation of the kidney caused by drugs.</span> <span class="notranslate">These drugs have an extremely detrimental effect on the tissue and the structure of the kidney, decreased renal blood flow.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition to pain medication, damage to the kidneys and can cause some medicines for high blood pressure.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><b>Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your kidneys</b></span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Cigarettes are poison for the whole body, especially the lungs and heart.</span> <span class="notranslate">Components of cigarette smoke damage the relentless and kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Cigarette smoking is a particular problem in chronic patients, who already have a history of kidney damage, such as patient with long-term diabetes.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><b>Large amounts of salt in the diet is dangerous</b></span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Salty foods causes high blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">In people who already have a diagnosis of hypertension too much salt in the diet is extremely dangerous.</span> <span class="notranslate">High blood pressure, kidney damage, and may lead to chronic renal failure and hemodialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">One tablespoon of salt per day is sufficient.</span> <span class="notranslate">To start reducing your intake of salted product and meat products.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><b>White sugar is a potential risk for kidney</b></span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">Excessive intake of sugars and carbohydrates increase the risk of obesity and diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">Obesity and diabetes are the biggest killers of our time.</span> <span class="notranslate">The fact that the majority of patients on dialysis due to diabetes, you speaks volumes about how damn dangerous diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">Fat on the stomach produces a large number of pollutants that everyday things thrombosis in your blood vessels.</span> <span class="notranslate">One of the next thrombosis can be a heart attack or a stroke, heart attack, or lung, or a kidney.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">The next time you drop by heart to nibble around ten in the evening, remember this little story.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-72636727251005710172013-11-15T10:06:00.002+01:002013-11-15T10:06:42.992+01:00How to keep your kidneys healthy?<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">The kidneys are organs that perfect day to remove many toxins from our body.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Kidneys have a large reserve capacity, but all of the body has its limits.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Sometimes we really ruthless with our kidneys.</span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Imagine just how much salt you add the daily?</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Other toxins that we consume every day I will not even mention.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">Imagine how many hours for your kidneys?</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;"> </span></h3>
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Numerous diseases of the kidney and urinary tract may be preventable if you take care of your diet regime.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">For healthy kidneys should drink plenty of water, avoid oily and salty food and do not swallow many pills and the least headaches.</span> <span class="notranslate">Pain pills can be very dangerous for your kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">There is a disease in which is called analgesic nephropathy, which means kidney damage caused by painkillers.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidneys are the perfect filter system, but the kidneys have a number of other roles in the body.</span><span class="notranslate">Participate in the regulation of blood pressure and maintain normal blood composition.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Symptoms of kidney disease are unfortunately very insidious and occur in late stages, when the disease is already awful lot advanced.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Below are a few golden tips to maintain the health of your kidneys:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">1. </span><span class="notranslate">Take in 2-3 liters of fluid in your body every day.</span> <span class="notranslate">In particular, you need to take care of taking sufficient fluids during the hot summer months, the fierce heat.</span> <span class="notranslate">This will prevent the formation of kidney stones.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">2. </span><span class="notranslate">Do not over-salted food.</span> <span class="notranslate">Excessive salt intake further burden the kidneys and causes the development of high blood pressure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">3.</span> <span class="notranslate">Reduce the intake of protein and fat</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">4.</span> <span class="notranslate">Control your blood pressure High blood pressure is the companion of kidney disease and may be the first and only sign.</span> <span class="notranslate">Pressure above 140/90 mm Hg requiring medical treatment and medicines for high blood pressure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">5.</span> <span class="notranslate">Control your blood test.</span> <span class="notranslate">Anemia can be a sign of kidney disease.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">6.</span> <span class="notranslate">Control your urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Protein in the urine is a sign of kidney damage.</span> <span class="notranslate">Urine sediment may indicate a urinary tract infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">Frequent urinary tract infection can permanently damage your kidneys and it's important timely and proper treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">The values of urea and creatinine in the blood parameters of renal function.</span> <span class="notranslate">Higher values indicate kidney damage.</span> <span class="notranslate">Do not wait to serum creatinine increase, track common finding urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Even a small amount of protein and blood in the urine can be very dangerous.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">7 . </span><span class="notranslate">Control your blood sugar.</span> <span class="notranslate">The majority of patients with terminal renal failure with diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">The majority of patients on dialysis for many years of diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you have diabetes, make sure the body weight and blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">Blood pressure in people with diabetes must be well regulated!</span> <span class="notranslate">If there are people in your family who are suffering from diabetes, control your blood sugar.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">8. </span><span class="notranslate">Intake of antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, vitamin B complex.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">9. </span> <span class="notranslate">Beware of painkillers</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Do not go overboard with analgesics.</span> <span class="notranslate">Frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can lead to severe kidney damage.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">10. </span><span class="notranslate">Do abdominal ultrasound</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Ultrasound is a very simple, painless and inexpensive test that in the early stages may indicate kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">This technique is very easy to show kidney stones, cysts, enlargement (dilatation) of the urinary tract, brain tumors and other pathological conditions.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Keep your kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Hemodialysis patients are very unhappy people.</span> <span class="notranslate">Only when you see this scene you realize how important health is.</span> <span class="notranslate">Good day, my friends.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-26902497722314825362013-10-28T11:13:00.000+01:002013-10-28T11:13:46.449+01:00What is dangerous for your kidneys?<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8583689899804099223" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">The man does not know how lucky he is when healthy.</span> <span class="notranslate">In working with patients with renal failure, dialysis, which sustains life, I realized just how important the kidneys and how little we are trying to ease their hard work.</span> <span class="notranslate">On the contrary, most of us every day doing things that threaten the health of our fellow kidney.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The kidneys are organs that steam have many functions in the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">The kidneys filter the blood and removes harmful substances from our body maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate blood pressure and produce substances that maintain normal blood composition (erythropoietin).</span> <span class="notranslate">The basic unit of the kidney is called the nephron.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidney nephrons filter every 45 minutes the whole blood from the body and produce about 2 liters of urine in 24 hours.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney, liver, together with the most powerful natural mechanism to detoxify our body and disrupt their daily health.</span> <span class="notranslate">Every few exceptions!</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The following is the story of substances in large quantities and daily consumption harm our body.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">1</span> <span class="notranslate">Increased intake of salt</span><br /><span class="notranslate">In moderate amounts of salt is necessary for our bodies, but larger amounts cause us harm.</span> <span class="notranslate">When you eat salt and salty foods make a great load for the kidneys, besides increasing blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">The high pressure damages the body and all organs, primarily the kidneys, heart.</span> <span class="notranslate">brain and eyes.</span> <span class="notranslate">One teaspoon of salt a day is quite enough.</span> <span class="notranslate">People who are diagnosed with a kidney disease and high blood pressure should reduce salt in your diet.</span> <span class="notranslate">Reduce consumation of salt meat products (pâté, salami, ham, sausage, dried meat) and salty cheeses.</span> <span class="notranslate">Soup from the bag are also unhealthy.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">2</span> <span class="notranslate">Painkillers can be dangerous</span><br /><span class="notranslate">There are certain groups of drugs that are highly neprotoxic. </span><span class="notranslate">Some of these drugs, such as </span><span class="notranslate">aminoglycoside antibiotics can rapidly and in a short time, damage your kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Also Tylenol, which is widely used in daily life, headache, fever, pain in the bones, to soothe menstrual pain also damage the kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">a kidney disease called analgesic nephropathy.</span> <span class="notranslate">I tell you this name speaks for itself.</span><span class="notranslate">Kidney damage can make some medicines for high blood pressure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">3</span> <span class="notranslate">Sugar is also not harmless</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Excessive sugar intake can cause multiple problems such as obesity and diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">Do not forget the fact that the highest percentage of patients to hemodialysis because of diabetes.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">4</span> <span class="notranslate">Cigarette smoking</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Ingredients other than tobacco smoke damages the lungs and heart, damage blood vessels and kidneys.</span><span class="notranslate">The kidneys are mostly built of blood vessels, and smoking increases the risk of just blood vessels thrombosis. </span> <span class="notranslate">Particularly dangerous cigarette smoking among people with diabetes.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">I tried briefly to show you how important it is to think of the daily health of your kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidneys have a large reserve capacity.</span> <span class="notranslate">The biggest problem with kidney disease is that it is difficult to detect in the advanced stages.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">One common urine test can tell you a lot.</span> <span class="notranslate">Never frivolous understand the presence of proteins (protein) in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you have high blood pressure, be sure to check kidney function.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you have anemia in blood Always check kidney function!</span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-84328418238192479882013-10-02T13:48:00.001+02:002013-10-02T13:53:42.679+02:00Do you know how dangerous are urinary tract infections?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="notranslate">How many of you have interfere with urination?</span> <span class="notranslate">Do you know how much trouble can I make frequent urinary tract infections, especially in women?</span> <span class="notranslate">Long-term, untreated bladder infection can sample an acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney and pyelonephritis.</span> <span class="notranslate">Chronic pyelonephritis can ultimately lead to kidney failure.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Kidney</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Pyelonephritis is the most common term for inflammation of the kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is a very serious kidney disease, which can be acute (sudden) and chronic.</span> <span class="notranslate">Acute pyelonephritis is a very common disease and is usually caused by bacteria.</span> <span class="notranslate">It often occurs spreading bacterial flora of the colon or due to infection of the female sex organs.</span> <span class="notranslate">Infection usually the channel system of the kidney or renal calices.</span> <span class="notranslate">Glomeruli are rarely affected.</span> <span class="notranslate">Chronic pyelonephritis is due to chronic or recurrent infections urunarnih, leads to fibrosis (scarring) in the kidney, the activation of the inflammatory response.</span> <span class="notranslate">It can leave a very serious consequences and lead to a gradual and permanent deterioration of renal tissue and their functions.</span> <span class="notranslate">Often affects people who are predisposed to repeated infections of the bladder due to anatomical malformations of the urinary system, and in patients with reduced immunity.</span> <span class="notranslate">A particular problem is the mechanism of abnormal urination, such as vesicouretheral reflux.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Causes of kidney infections</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">The majority of pyelonephritis is caused by bacteria that come from the urethra and bladder.</span> <span class="notranslate">This phenomenon is called the ascendant (rising or rising) kidney infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is very common among women which have a shorter urethra, making the bacteria more easily and quickly spread to the kidney.</span> <span class="notranslate">Women have about 4 times more urinary tract infections.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Restoring the urine in the opposite direction, ie.</span> <span class="notranslate">back, is called reflux and can be caused by anatomical abnormalities or obstructions.</span> <span class="notranslate">In the first case, instead of a hard cap between the bladder and urethra, there is a wide opening.</span> <span class="notranslate">During voiding the bladder contracts and urine instead of forward flow in both directions.</span> <span class="notranslate">Vesicoureteral reflux is detected by special examination techniques and very difficult to treat this disorder.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Obstructions that cause reflux in women, usually in the form of narrowing of the urethra due to frequent infections.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">In younger people such strictures occur rarely and usually are the result of sexually transmitted infections, especially hlamidijskog urethritis.</span> <span class="notranslate">In older people, the problems usually produces enlargement of the prostate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Reflux can be caused by the insertion of catheters or instruments, especially when performing cystoscopy.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Separate Preble with urinary infections have impaired the act of urination (paraplegia) and chronic patients with permanent disbursed cateter.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidney and urinary tract infections are also common in pregnant women because of the pressure of the uterus, which changes the motility of the ureter due to the effects of pregnancy hormones (progesterone).</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Symptoms of kidney infections</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Symptoms of pyelonephritis are usually in the form of a sharp burning sensation when urinating, difficult, painful, frequent urination, with the appearance of fever, chills and pain in the area of the cross (lumbar region).</span> <span class="notranslate">You appear malaise, muscle pain, joint pain and sometimes vomiting.</span><span class="notranslate">Sometimes the symptoms are classic and there is no interference with urination, and sometimes suspected disease in the abdomen in the form of appendicitis and the like.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">In children, the disease may have atypical clinical picture, where the high temperatures occurring altered mental status, impaired consciousness, including febrile convulsions.</span> <span class="notranslate">In acute infections, the symptoms develop quickly, first observed high temperature, after which usualy discoloration of urine, and pain and brittle.</span> <span class="notranslate">As infection progresses, there are also symptoms of general intoxication, loss of appetite, headache, and all signs of general intoxication of the organism.</span> <span class="notranslate">Sometimes a urinary tract infection can turn into severe sepsis, which is called sepsis.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Patients with chronic pyelonephritis may have an acute exacerbation, sometimes there are no symptoms, or symptoms may be very mild and go unnoticed.</span> <span class="notranslate">This seemingly harmless situation can be very dangerous, because the inflammation goes unnoticed and permanently damage kidney function.</span><span class="notranslate">The first indication of deterioration of renal function may be anemia and high blood pressure.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">The diagnosis of kidney inflammation</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">The diagnosis of pyelonephritis is made based on symptoms, physical examination, laboratory tests of blood and urine, urine culture, abdominal ultrasound, and if there is suspicion of reflux then do additional x-rays.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Treatment of kidney inflammation</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">When you isolate the cause of antibiotic therapy is indicated.</span> <span class="notranslate">When the cause is not identified using the broad-spectrum antibiotics.</span> <span class="notranslate">The urine usually becomes sterile within 48-72 hours after initiation of therapy, treatment should be carried out to the end.</span> <span class="notranslate">Commonly used prolonged antibiotic therapy (21 days), and again repeated urine.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">In severe forms of pyelonephritis, which are accompanied by acute worsening of renal function and sepsis, required hospital treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">Patients with reflux is the most common surgical treatment is indicated.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Patients who are at high risk of re-infection of the urinary tract and kidneys, as well as those with prolonged use of Foley catheter, requiring long-term therapy.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">What should you ask a doctor d on kidney infections?</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">What is the cause of infection and inflammation?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Is there an anatomical defect, obstruction or hindrance?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Can the defect be corrected?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Is it necessary to use antibiotics?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">What can be done to reduce the progression of the infection?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Is surgery is one of the treatment options?</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Is there a risk of eventual kidney failure?</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Remember that prevention is the best medicine.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">In most cases, inflammation of the kidneys can be prevented by timely detection and proper treatment of long-term lower urinary tract infections.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Urinary tract infections, especially recurrent, not a harmless condition and carry a high risk of kidney damage.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Never forget that in spite of highly effective antibiotic that has a current medicine, uvea tea does the most good your urinary tract.</span> </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-73162531638765972782013-08-30T13:44:00.001+02:002013-08-30T13:44:37.342+02:00Blood in the urine<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4538431034278333878" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine can be a symptom of serious illness.</span> <span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine tah you can see with the naked eye is called makrohematuria, while the presence of blood visible under the microscope is microhematuria.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Blood in urine that can be seen with the eye is usually preceded by the presence of stones in the urinary system, it may be a sign of infection, especially when accompanied by painful urination and fever. </span><span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine can be a sign of renal tuberculosis.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dark, coagulated blood in the urine, the presence of fresh blood may be a sign of cancer urinary tract (kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra).</span> <span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine with stormy symptoms, such as pain, fever, shivering usually speak in favor of inflammation, and blood in the urine often without pain is a sign of malignancy.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine is a serious symptom that does not go by itself.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you notice blood in your urine then call your doctor.</span> <span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine is a serious alarm with patients of all ages!</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Our body has the perfect warning mechanisms, allowing us at the right time warns that we must go to the doctor.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">When determining the cause of blood in the urine have to be very careful.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is important to analyze the accompanying symptoms.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Sudden appearance of blood in the urine accompanied by burning and frequent urination, usually a sign of urinary bladder </span>inflammation<span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;"> (cystitis), or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis). </span><span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;">Bladder infections are more common in women, due to the fact that their urethra is shorter than the male.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;">With tea and optimal antibiotic most symptoms will disappear.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;">Selection of antibiotics is needed to make the microbiological examination of urine (urine).</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4538431034278333878" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<br /><span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;">The blood at the beginning of the jet of urine usually ukazue the problem comes from the urethra.</span><span class="notranslate" style="line-height: 1.5;">Blood stream at the end usually indicates a process in the neck of the bladder.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br /><span class="notranslate">If blood is visible during the entire bladder, then the process is usually in the wall of the bladder or kidney.</span> <span class="notranslate">IF blood in the urine is not accompanied by other symptoms, THEN there is a high suspicion that the tumor of the change is the cause bleeding.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">MUST go urologist.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Prolonged presence of small amounts of red blood cells in the urine routine examination of urine can be a symptom of many diseases: glomerulonephritis, tuberculosis, stones, tumors, metabolic diseases), but also can be an innocuous occurrence of a condition called benign hematuria family (benign familial hematuria).</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Changes in the color of urine can cause some ingredients from the food (beet) and certain medications.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Routine urine (biochemical urine), urine culture, serum creatinine and renal ultrasound are routine tests that need to be made.</span> <span class="notranslate">Based on these findings, the doctor will make an assessment of whether there is a need to do intravenous urography, cystoscopy, CT and renal biopsy.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Fear is normal for a person in their urine before the blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">Try to beat the fear, and do not always think about the worst outcome!</span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17332068640500702460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-376632341849140682013-07-05T17:12:00.004+02:002013-07-05T17:12:50.775+02:00Why kidneys stop working?<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1152721791432670949" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Kidneys taken from the blood excess water and unnecessary materials and turn them into urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Urine (urine) is then released from the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most people have two kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">A person can live and be healthy with one kidney.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Renal function:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">release excess water and unnecessary matter,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">processed liquid and chemical substances to the human body,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">control blood pressure,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">controlling the body's hormones that create new red blood cells.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney failure is also called renal failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the kidneys cease to perform its function, excess body fluids and unnecessary substances can not get rid of the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">This may occur because of illness or damages incurred due to injury.</span> <span class="notranslate">There are two types of kidney failure: acute and chronic.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Acute kidney failure</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Acute kidney failure is the sudden loss of kidney function that takes a few hours or days.</span> <span class="notranslate">The causes may be:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">severe inflammation (infection)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">severe burns,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">injury or decrease blood flow to the kidneys,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">low blood pressure,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">blockage of the urinary tract,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">heart failure,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">chemical poisoning or drug intoxication.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Often the condition of the kidneys can be improved if the cause of the problem is detected and treated promptly.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Chronic Kidney Failure</span><br /><span class="notranslate">To chronic kidney failure occurs when the kidneys gradually lose their function.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is a lifelong disease that can not be improved.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The causes may be:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">kidney stones</span><br /><span class="notranslate">problems or blockage in the urinary tract,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">lupus - an autoimmune disease,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">scleroderma - a disease of the skin and connective tissue,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">chronic inflammation (infection)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">drug use,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">poisons.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The signs of chronic kidney failure include:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">swelling of the hands, face or feet</span><br /><span class="notranslate">changes in the frequency of urination,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">feeling very tired or exhaustion,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">headache, confusion,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">nausea or vomiting;</span><br /><span class="notranslate">loss of appetite,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">shortness of breath,</span><br /><span class="notranslate">itching of the skin.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Chronic kidney failure can not be cured but can be treated with diet changes and medication.</span> <span class="notranslate">When the kidneys lose most of their functions, called end stage renal failure, a few days a week dialysis is needed.</span><span class="notranslate">A kidney transplant may also be an option for the treatment of this disease.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-73276390138269003332013-07-05T17:12:00.001+02:002013-07-05T17:12:14.562+02:00Acute renal failure<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5281764734484378865" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Acute renal failure is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid, severe reduction of renal filtration, usually with a reduced excretion of urine.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Definition</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Acute renal failure is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid, severe reduction of renal filtration, usually with a reduced excretion of urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">It occurs due to ischemic or toxic lesions that operates in renal blood vessels, glomeruli and / or tubules causing a reduction in glomerular filtration rate and increase intratubularnog pressure.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Invasion of extracellular fluid causes the formation of islands, high blood pressure and chronic heart failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">Often the increase of potassium, sodium, and acidity of the cell can be fluid . Etiology of kidney problem can be prerenal, renal and postrenal and potentially reversible if the disorder is diagnosed in time and treated.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The clinical picture</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Symptoms related to loss of function and secretion depend on the level of renal dysfunction, the degree of renal damage, and the cause.</span> <span class="notranslate">In outpatients only clinical indication may be oliguria or anuria after use of contrast.</span> <span class="notranslate">In hospitalized patients, acute renal failure is usually associated with recent trauma, surgical, medical events, therefore, depend on it, and the signs and symptoms.</span> <span class="notranslate">Normal daily urine output was 1 to 2.4 liters per day.</span> <span class="notranslate">This could result in oliguria; anuria leads to mutual suspicion of renal artery occlusion, obstructive uropathy, acute cortical necrosis or rapid progressive</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Forecast</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Acute renal failure with immediate complications (eg hypervolaemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, uremia, hemorrhagic diathesis) may be treated, but the percentage of survival remains about 60% despite aggressive nutrition and dialysis therapy.</span> <span class="notranslate">Further improvement seems impossible because normally associated sepsis, pulmonary failure, coagulopathy, surgical complications.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diagnostic evaluation</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The diagnosis of acute renal failure is determined by a progressive increase in serum creatinine daily.</span><span class="notranslate">Currently back prerenal and postrenal causes must first be excluded.</span> <span class="notranslate">Correction of the disturbances that reduce renal confirms prerenal causes.</span> <span class="notranslate">For postrenal causes, the possibility of recovery of renal function is often irreversible depending on the duration of obstruction.</span> <span class="notranslate">Early urinary and serum chemical analysis in the case of acute renal failure may facilitate the determination of the cause.</span><span class="notranslate">Typical laboratory findings are progressive azotemia, acidosis, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Treatment</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Acute renal failure can be prevented by proper maintenance of fluid balance in the body, blood volume and blood pressure during and after major surgery; appropriate isotonic fluid infusion in patients with severe burns, and the current blood transfusion in blood pressure due to bleeding.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you need a vasoconstrictive drug, dopamine 1 to 3 micrograms / kg / min intravenously may improve renal blood flow and urine output, but no clinical indicator to stop and acute.</span> <span class="notranslate">In the early stage of acute renal failure, furosemide with mannitol or dopamine can restore the normal flow of urine or reverse oliguric to nonoliguric acute renal failure, but there is little evidence that mortality thereby reduced.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dialysis improves the balance of fluids and electrolytes and provides an adequate supply.</span> <span class="notranslate">No single rule when to start dialysis, to what frequency is conducted, or whether improved recovery or survival.</span> <span class="notranslate">Acute renal failure without dialysis should be treated only if it is not possible or the development of renal uncomplicated and present less than 5 days.</span> <span class="notranslate">In postliguric stage, it is necessary to pay special attention to fluid and electrolyte balance in order to prevent potentially lethal disorder of the extracellular fluid volume, plasma osmolality, acid-base status and potassium levels.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-49632235129700131362013-07-05T17:09:00.004+02:002013-07-05T17:10:02.613+02:00Diabetes and kidney<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8659964325835342023" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">The course of renal disease</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Diabetic kidney disease develops over the years.</span> <span class="notranslate">Extensive studies in animals and humans have shown that the progression of various chronic kidney diseases, including nephropathy diabetic mainly due to secondary hemodynamic and metabolic disorders, not the activity of the underlying disease.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">In some patients in the early years of diabetes, kidney filtration capacity is higher than in healthy individuals.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">After several years of diabetes may occur in a small amount of urine albumin.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is the first stage of chronic kidney disease, which is characterized by microalbuminuria.</span> <span class="notranslate">At this stage it is preserved kidney filtration ability.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
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<span class="notranslate">As the disease progresses, more albumin in the urine is due.</span> <span class="notranslate">This stage is called macroalbuminuria or proteinuria.</span> <span class="notranslate">How to increase the amount of albumin in the urine, thereby reducing renal filtration ability.</span> <span class="notranslate">With decreasing filtration ability more and more waste products of protein metabolism in the body reserves.</span> <span class="notranslate">With the development of renal impairment, there was an increase in blood pressure.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Impairment of renal function rarely occurs in the first 10 years of diabetes and usually take 15-25 years to the appearance of renal impairment.</span> <span class="notranslate">The risk of developing renal disease was lower in patients with diabetes live longer than 25 years without signs of renal impairment.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Diagnosis of CKD</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">In people with diabetes should be conducted regularly screened for kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Two key indicators of kidney disease are pGFR and albumin in the urine.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">• pGFR.</span> <span class="notranslate">pGFR the estimated glomerular filtration rate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Each kidney contains about the billion tiny filters that are composed of blood vessels.</span> <span class="notranslate">These filters are called glomeruli.</span> <span class="notranslate">Renal function can be examined by the assessment of the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli in one minute.</span><span class="notranslate">Calculating pGFR based on the determination of creatinine in a blood sample.</span> <span class="notranslate">The higher the value of creatinine in the blood, the lower the value pGFR.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Renal disease is present when pGFR less than 60 milliliters per minute.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">According to a physician diabetologist and nephrologist in patients with diabetes mellitus pGFR be determined from the serum creatinine at least once a year.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">• albumin in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Albumin in the urine is determined by comparing the amounts of albumin to the amount of creatinine in a single urine sample.</span> <span class="notranslate">When it comes to healthy kidneys urine will contain large amounts of creatinine, albumin and almost nothing.</span> <span class="notranslate">Even a minimal increase in the proportion of albumin in relation to creatinine is a sign of kidney damage.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Renal disease is present when the urine contains more than 30 milligrams of albumin per gram of creatinine, with or without reducing pGFR.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">According to the recommendations of diabetologists and nephrologists at least once a year to determine the excretion of albumin in the urine of patients with type 2 diabetes and in patients with type 1 diabetes also need to do every 5 years to evaluate kidney damage.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">The effects of high blood pressure</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Elevated blood pressure or hypertension is a key factor in the development of kidney damage in people with diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">A family history of hypertension and the presence of hypertension in patients increases the risk of developing kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Hypertension also accelerates the progress of kidney disease when it is already present.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Arterial pressure is expressed using two numerical values.</span> <span class="notranslate">The first figure is the systolic pressure and represents the pressure in the arteries during cardiac contraction.</span> <span class="notranslate">The second value is the value of diastolic pressure and represents the pressure between the two cardiac contraction.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is common to hypertension defined as permanently elevated blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">According to the latest recommendations of the ideal blood pressure for people with diabetes is less than or equal to 130/80 mmHg.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Hypertension is not always the cause of kidney disease, it may be the result of kidney damage caused due to diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">With progression of renal disease in the kidney, changes occur that cause an increase in blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">Early detection and treatment of even mild hypertension is of crucial importance for people with diabetes.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Prevention and slowing renal disease</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Medications to reduce the pressure</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Thanks to the work of scientists has made a significant progress in the development of methods by which it is possible to postpone the onset and slow the progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes.</span> <span class="notranslate">Medicines used to reduce blood pressure can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Demonstrated the effectiveness of two classes of drugs in slowing progression of renal disease.</span><span class="notranslate">These are the angiotensin-converting (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB's).</span> <span class="notranslate">In many patients, a combination of two or more drugs to achieve adequate pressurization.</span> <span class="notranslate">With ACE-I and ARB-e can be used and diuretics, and drugs such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and other antihypertensives.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">An example of an effective ACE and Lisinopril is often used in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.</span><span class="notranslate">With the effect of reducing blood pressure lisinopril has a direct protective effect on renal glomeruli.</span> <span class="notranslate">It has been shown that ACE and reduce proteinuria and slow down kidney damage in diabetic patients who did not have hypertension.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="notranslate">An example of an effective ARB is losartan, that has been shown to act protectively on renal function and reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Any drug that helps to achieve target blood pressure levels or less jednako130/80 mmHg has a positive effect.</span> <span class="notranslate">Each patient even with mild hypertension or microalbuminuria should consult a doctor about the introduction of antihypertensive drugs in therapy.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">A child deficient in protein</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Excessive intake of protein may be harmful for diabetics.</span> <span class="notranslate">As recommended by dietitians with advanced diabetic kidney disease should not take sufficient amounts of protein, but definitely avoid foods with high protein content.</span> <span class="notranslate">In patients with significantly impaired renal function, a diet with reduced protein content can help delay the occurrence of renal failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">Adherence restricted diet protein requires consultation with the dietitian to ensure adequate nutrition.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Intensive control of blood sugar levels</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Antihypertensive medications and a diet with low protein content may slow the development of CKD.</span><span class="notranslate">The third measure that has shown promise for diabetics, especially those who present with early-stage CKD, intensive control of blood sugar levels.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">The human body converts food into glucose, a simple sugar that is the main energy source for the body's cells.</span> <span class="notranslate">To enter the station to help glucose insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.</span> <span class="notranslate">When the body does not produce enough insulin, or absent response to the insulin that is present, the body can not use glucose, and it builds up in the bloodstream.</span> <span class="notranslate">The diagnosis of diabetes is made based on high levels of glucose in the blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">Intensive control of blood glucose levels is aiming to maintain normal blood glucose levels.</span> <span class="notranslate">Regime often includes controlling blood glucose, insulin delivery during the day depending on food intake and physical activity, adherence to the child, appropriate level of physical activity and regular consultation of the medical team.</span> <span class="notranslate">Some patients using insulin pump of insulin throughout the day.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Numerous studies have pointed to the positive effects of intensive control of blood glucose levels.</span> <span class="notranslate">In one study noted the delay in emergence and slow progression of early diabetic kidney disease in 50% of patients who adhered to the intensive regime for the control of blood glucose levels.</span> <span class="notranslate">Patients who adhered to an intensive regime had average blood glucose 8.3 mmol / l, which is about 4.4 mmol / l lower than the levels recorded in patients treated with the standard method.</span> <span class="notranslate">Good glycemic control reduces the risk of early-stage renal disease by a third.</span> <span class="notranslate">Numerous RESEARCH conducted over the last few decades have made it clear that any program that the end result of a decrease in the blood glucose level has a positive effect in patients with early-stage CKD.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Dialysis and transplantation</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">When the diabetic patients develop end-stage renal failure in the account comes dialysis or a kidney transplant.</span> <span class="notranslate">Back in the 1970s, diabetics often are not offered this method of treatment because it was believed that the damage caused by the diabetes undo the positive effects of treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">Today, thanks to better control of diabetes and poboljšnom survival, doctors are reluctant to offer diabetic dialysis and kidney transplantation as a treatment method.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">There kidney transplant survival for people with diabetes about the same survival rate for kidney transplants to people without the disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dialysis is also a good method of treatment for diabetics, but in the short term.</span> <span class="notranslate">Diabetics with kidney transplant or who are treated with dialysis have higher rates of morbidity and mortality due to complications associated with diabetes such as damage to the heart, eyes and nerves.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Good care makes a difference</span><br />
<br />
<span class="notranslate">People with diabetes should:</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">• determine the level of A1C at least twice a year.</span> <span class="notranslate">The test shows the average blood glucose levels over the previous three months.</span> <span class="notranslate">The target value is less than 7%;</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">• Work with your doctor about the inzulna injections, medications, meal planning, physical activity, and monitoring blood glucose levels;</span><br />
<br />
<span class="notranslate">• Check blood pressure several times a year or even a month if blood pressure are not well regulated.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the high pressure values should follow the instructions of your doctor to achieve normal values.</span> <span class="notranslate">The target pressure value is less than or equal to 130/80 mmHg;</span><br />
<br />
<span class="notranslate">• Consult with your doctor about the possible benefits of ACE-I and ARBs;</span><br />
<br />
<span class="notranslate">• determine pGFR at least once a year to assess renal function;</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">• determine the level of protein in the urine at least once a year to assess kidney damage, consult with your doctor or dietitian about the need to reduce the intake of protein food.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Remember</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD and kidney failure.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Diabetics should regularly perform screening for kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">The two key markers for kidney disease are pGFR and albuminuria.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Medicines used to reduce the pressure can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Two groups of drugs, ACE-I and ARBs, and proved to be effective in slowing progression of renal disease.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Excessive intake of protein may be harmful for diabetics.</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Intensive control of blood glucose levels is very important for diabetics, especially those with already developed at early stages of CKD.</span><br />
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<span class="notranslate">Conclusion</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Number of people with diabetes is increasing.</span> <span class="notranslate">Consequently, an increasing number of people with diabetic kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">According to the predictions of some experts diabetes could soon become the cause of 50% of chronic liver damage.</span> <span class="notranslate">In light of the more common illnesses and deaths associated with diabetes and renal disease, patients, researchers, and health professionals must continue to work towards improving the final outcome of these patients.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-32296381757721131282013-07-05T17:09:00.001+02:002013-07-05T17:09:01.062+02:00Dynamic renal scintigraphy<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2209127421054196120" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">What is dynamic scintigraphy?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Dynamic renal scintigraphy is a diagnostic procedure for the pictorial representation of the morphology and function of the kidney using radiopharmaceuticals that are excreted by the kidneys.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Radiopharmaceutical: Tc-99m DTPA, T1 / 2 6 hours.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The goal of search is to evaluate the morphology and function of the kidney-elimination ability of the canal system.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is used in unilateral or bilateral drainage faults or enlargement of renal duct system in terms hidrokalkuloze, stenosis Ureteropelvic neck or urethra, or hidronefoze hidrouretera.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Preparation of the patient prior to the examination</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Before the tests should drink about 1 liter of liquid</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The patient need not be fasting</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Warn your doctor or medical engineers the possibility of pregnancy, or breast-feeding</span><br /><span class="notranslate">It is recommended that jewelry and metal ornaments left at home or removed prior to recording</span><br /><span class="notranslate">After scanning the patient should drink more fluids and urinate more often</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Dynamic renal scintigraphy in renovascular hypertension</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">A week before the test omitted from an ACE inhibitor and A2 receptors (except for the express contraindications), consult a competent liječnkom which are drugs</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Two days earlier and omit beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics and anti-rheumatic drugs</span><br /><span class="notranslate">What to bring to your search?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">It is necessary to make a referral to the previous one, on the basis of which the search is indicated (diagnostic and specialists who are starting. Recommends search).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Search procedure</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Radiopharmaceutical: Tc-99m DTPA, T 6 ½ hours.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The patient is injected into the cubital vein radiopharmaceutical, while lying on her back on the bed and immediately after the start of injection, dynamic studies lasting 20-30 minutes.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">It takes the rest of the time in bed.</span> <span class="notranslate">The camera is below the patient.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Sometimes it is necessary to make one additional recording after giving diuretics also injected intravenously (diuretic dynamic renal scintigraphy).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Treatment of dynamic renal scintigraphy with captopril</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Before you search the patient receives pill captopril (25 mg)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">After that should be enough to drink and urinate</span><br /><span class="notranslate">After 1h receive intravenous radiopharmaceutical (Tc-99m DTPA) while lying on her back on the bed and under the gamma camera</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Immediately after the injection begins recording for 20 minutes and during that time should stand still</span><br /><span class="notranslate">If the search finds this normal finding, then the search ends.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the result of abnormal, then the patient has to come to another record (basal study - without captopril).</span> <span class="notranslate">The aim of the search is the detection and monitoring of renovascular hypertension.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What can be expected after the shooting?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">After the search has no impediments to normal activities.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">It is recommended that 24 hours after the examination to avoid close contact with others, especially children and pregnant women.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-34478313279099748162013-07-05T17:08:00.002+02:002013-07-05T17:08:26.738+02:00How to preserve the healthy kidneys?<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6179590748546834049" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Diabetes and high blood pressure are common causes of kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, most people with kidney disease are not aware of their condition.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you have diabetes, talk to your doctor about being tested for kidney disease and maintain healthy kidneys so that you control your blood sugar and blood pressure.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">If you have diabetes or hypertension, you are faced with chronic kidney disease, which represents a decrease of renal function.</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Because chronic kidney disease often develops gradually, and with few symptoms, many people with this disease do not realize that they are sick until the disease has progressed and no dialysis is not necessary.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for the deaths of more than 48,000 people in the 2008th</span> <span class="notranslate">year.</span> <span class="notranslate">2000th</span> <span class="notranslate">year, more than 26 million adults in the U.S. had chronic kidney disease and most of them had not been aware of.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">How can you prevent or control renal disease?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">High levels of sugar in the blood can cause kidney damage.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you have diabetes, controlling blood sugar and blood pressure reduces the risk of developing kidney disease and slowing its progression.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with diabetes should do the A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past three months, at least twice a year, and ideally four times a year.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">High blood pressure can also damage the kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you suffer from hypertension, regularly measure blood pressure and put it under control to ensure that your kidneys remain healthy.</span> <span class="notranslate">Regarding medication to reduce blood pressure, consult your doctor.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Prevention of type 2 diabetes is another important step in the prevention of kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Recent studies have shown that obese people are at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes can prevent or delay the development of kidney disease by reducing your body weight by 5 to 7%, and this can be achieved by including a healthier diet and 150 minutes of physical activity per week.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Injuries and infections can also damage the kidneys</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Infections - such as those that affect the bladder and kidneys - may also damage the kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Consult with your doctor if you experience any of these symptoms of inflammation of the urinary bladder:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">blurred or bloody urine</span><br /><span class="notranslate">pain or burning sensation during urination</span><br /><span class="notranslate">feeling the urgent need to urinate frequently</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Also, ask your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms of kidney infections:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">backache</span><br /><span class="notranslate">chills</span><br /><span class="notranslate">temperature</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Chronic kidney disease can lead to dialysis and kidney transplantation</span><br /><br /><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span class="notranslate">The final stage of chronic kidney disease requiring renal dialysis (filtering blood through a special device) or transplantation.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, people with chronic kidney disease often die from a cardiovascular disease before they reach the end stage renal disease.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">2008th</span> <span class="notranslate">year, more than 110,000 people in the U.S. were treated for end-stage renal disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">For every 10 new cases of seven as diabetes or high blood pressure is listed as the primary cause.</span> <span class="notranslate">In the same year, more than half a million people in the U.S. were living with chronic dialysis or a kidney transplant.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">CDC Survey</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States conducted a survey 2008th</span> <span class="notranslate">year and the results were as follows:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In the period from 1999 to 2006.</span> <span class="notranslate">years, among the participants of the National Survey of Health and Nutrition, less than 5% of people with mild kidney disease (stages 1 and 2) reported that they were aware that they have chronic kidney from subjects with moderate severe form of disease (stage 3), awareness was only 7.5%, and even of those with severe disease (stage 4), only 40% were aware of their condition.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Rates of awareness when it comes to medium heavy and severe kidney disease were higher in patients diagnosed with diabetes and high blood pressure, although the total was still quite low (20% and 12%).</span><br /><span class="notranslate">People with chronic kidney disease in zajedici most are unaware of their disease and do not seek proper treatment.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-57814992201237215302013-07-05T17:07:00.002+02:002013-07-05T17:07:21.671+02:00Dialysis or a kidney transplant?<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2745099107320047349" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Dialysis and kidney transplantation are the treatments for renal replacement applied in end-stage renal disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">When the kidneys are not working efficiently enough, the waste products (toxins) and fluid build up in the blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dialysis takes over the function of the kidneys are failing and removes liquid and wastes.</span><span class="notranslate">Kidney transplantation is fully recovered renal function.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Here we talk about the pros and cons of these treatment options.</span> <span class="notranslate">You and your family with your doctor should talk about all the options that you have made the appropriate decision about your future medical treatment.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">WHEN kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant be necessary?</span> <span class="notranslate">- At the beginning of the disease using drugs which preserves renal function and delay the need for dialysis and transplantation.</span> <span class="notranslate">These early treatment effect on renal disease, secondary factors (such as hypertension) that accelerate the development of renal disease and complications of chronic kidney disease.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">As the kidneys lose their function, fluid and waste material began to accumulate in the blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dialysis should be started before the disease has progressed so much to report life-threatening complications.</span><span class="notranslate">The need for dialysis / transplant occurs usually after months or even years of diagnosis of chronic renal disease, although severe kidney failure is sometimes the first time revealed in people who previously did not know they are suffering from chronic kidney disease.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Dialysis is best to start when the disease is advanced, but while still feeling unwell.</span> <span class="notranslate">About when you start dialysis decide together with the physician after considering several factors, including renal function (as measured by blood tests and urine tests), overall health and personal preferences.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION - Kidney transplantation is considered the best treatment for all patients with renal failure because of the quality of life and survival are often better than in people treated with dialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, due to lack of organs for transplantation, many patients who are candidates for a kidney transplant are waiting lists and dialysis they need until they find a suitable organ for transplantation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The kidney can be obtained from living relatives, living person with whom the patient is not related by blood or cadaver (donor kadaverski) In general, life donor organs function better and longer than when coming from deceased donors.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Some people with kidney failure are not candidates for transplantation.</span> <span class="notranslate">For the elderly or patients with severe heart and vascular disease is safer to remain on dialysis than to undergo the transplant.</span> <span class="notranslate">Other conditions that prevent kidney transplant may include:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Active or recently treated for cancer</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Severe chronic ooljenja other organs</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Poorly controlled mental illness (psychosis)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Severe obesity (body mass index over 40)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The current abuse of drugs or alcohol</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Some chronic viral infections</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The majority of centers in the world off from the transplant program people who are HIV-positive.</span> <span class="notranslate">In some cases, however, people with HIV may be eligible for a kidney transplant if the disease is well controlled.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">People with other medical conditions are assessed on a case by case basis to determine whether kidney transplantation is a viable option.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Benefits - Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for many patients with end-stage renal disease.</span><span class="notranslate">Successful kidney transplantation can improve quality of life and reduce the risk of death due to kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, people who undergo kidney transplantation will not waste time on daily dialysis.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Disadvantages - Kidney transplantation is a major surgical procedure that has risks both during surgery and afterwards.</span> <span class="notranslate">Risks of the surgery include infection, bleeding and damage to surrounding organs.</span> <span class="notranslate">Can come to death, although this rarely happens.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">After kidney transplantation, the patient needs to take medication and go on frequent monitoring to reduce the risk of rejection; goes with it throughout life.</span> <span class="notranslate">Medications that the patient must be taken to have a significant and serious side effects.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">HEMODIALYSIS - In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through a dialysis machine to remove waste products and excess fluid.</span> <span class="notranslate">The patient is connected to the machine via surgical napravljenog vascular access, which is commonly called fistula or graft.</span> <span class="notranslate">It allows taking blood from the body of the patient, blood flow through the machine where it purifies the blood and return blood to the body of the patient.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hemodialysis can be done at home or in the center.</span> <span class="notranslate">When performed in the center is usually done three times a week and lasts for three to five hours.</span> <span class="notranslate">Home dialysis is usually performed three to seven times a week and lasts from three to ten hours after the procedure (often while the patient is asleep).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Advantages - It is unclear whether hemodialysis has clear advantages over other type of dialysis (peritoneal dialysis) when it comes to survival.</span> <span class="notranslate">The choice between these two types of dialysis is usually based on other factors such as personal preferences, support at home and basic medical problems.</span> <span class="notranslate">You need to start dialysis that you and your doctor think is best, although it's possible switch to another type of dialysis if the circumstances and preferences change.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Disadvantages - The most common complication of hemodialysis is low blood pressure, and may be accompanied by lightheadedness, shortness of breath, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.</span> <span class="notranslate">In the case of these problems, there are treatments and preventive measures.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, vascular access may be infected, or it may appear blood clots.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Peritoneal dialysis - Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is usually performed at home.</span> <span class="notranslate">To perform PD abdominal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid (called dialysate) through a catheter (flexible tube).</span> <span class="notranslate">The catheter is surgically introduced into the stomach, near the navel.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The liquid is a certain time (called the retention time) leaves the stomach.</span> <span class="notranslate">The tissue that lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneal membrane) acts as a membrane that allows the diffusion of excess fluid and waste products from the bloodstream into the dialysate.</span> <span class="notranslate">The used dialysate is then derived from the stomach and discarded.</span> <span class="notranslate">The peritoneal cavity is then filled again dialysate.</span> <span class="notranslate">This process is called an exchange.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Editing can be done manually, four to five times a day.</span> <span class="notranslate">Editing can also be done automatically by the device (called a cycler) while you sleep.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Benefits - Advantages of peritoneal dialysis compared to hemodialysis include fewer withdrawal time for work, family and social obligations.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most patients using PD can continue to work at least part-time, especially if the changes are working in a dream.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Disadvantages - People who use PD must know how to use the equipment for PD and how to do change fluid in the abdomen.</span> <span class="notranslate">If you can not do that, you need the help of a family or household who has previously trained to perform this procedure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis include an increased risk of hernia (hernia) due to the fluid pressure within the abdominal cavity.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, you can gain weight and a higher risk of infection in the catheter and inside the abdomen (peritonitis - inflammation of the peritoneum).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Which treatment is best for me?</span> <span class="notranslate">- Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for most patients.</span><span class="notranslate">Patients who are not candidates for a kidney transplant or who have to wait for a kidney is usually treated either by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The choice between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis is a complex problem that can best solve together with the doctor, and often consult family members or caregivers after careful consideration of all other factors.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For example, hemodialysis involves rapid changes in fluid balance in the body and not all patients can tolerate that.</span> <span class="notranslate">Some patients are not suitable candidates for a kidney transplant, while others do not have support at home or the necessary skills to perform peritoneal dialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">Overall health status, personal preferences and situations in the home are only part of the factors that must be taken into account.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is possible to switch from one type of dialysis to another over time if options or preferences change.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-10996133525406380702013-07-05T17:06:00.002+02:002013-07-05T17:06:37.966+02:00Polycystic Kidney Disease<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6057804408476327345" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Normally, the kidneys filter toxic substances and fluid from the blood.</span> <span class="notranslate">In people with polycystic kidney disease, they become enlarged with multiple cysts that interfere with normal kidney function.</span><span class="notranslate">This can sometimes lead to kidney failure and need for dialysis or kidney transplantation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">There are two major forms of polycystic kidney disease: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) is a common disorder that occurs in 1 in every 400 to 1,000 people.</span> <span class="notranslate">With only about half ADBPB will be diagnosed because the disease usually runs its course without symptoms.</span> <span class="notranslate">Autosomal dominant means there is a 50 per cent risk that the parent transmitted the mutated gene to the child.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARBPB, also called the children polycystic kidney disease) is more commonly diagnosed in infants, although milder forms may be diagnosed later in childhood or adolescence.</span> <span class="notranslate">The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 people.</span> <span class="notranslate">Autosomal recessive means that the mutated gene must be present in both parents; person who has only one mutated gene carrier.</span> <span class="notranslate">If both parents are carriers (each with one normal and one abnormal copy of the gene), there is a 25 percent chance that the child will inherit the mutated gene from each parent and will become ill.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Genetics of polycystic kidney disease - Approximately 85 percent of families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) has an abnormality on chromosome 16; these people have BPB1 disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">The remaining 15 percent have a defect that affects gene on chromosome 4: it is called BPB2 disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">In some cases it is not possible to determine which gene is mutated.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In about 25 to 40 percent of cases ADBPB occurs in people with no family history of the disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">To the 10 percent of a new gene mutation.</span> <span class="notranslate">Often, especially in families with no BPB1, a disease that progresses slowly and can never lead to the onset of symptoms.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Cysts and renal failure occurring earlier in the case of PKD1 disease, the average age of the last stage occurs when kidney disease (or if they need dialysis or a transplant) is about 57 years for PKD1 disease and 69 with non-PKD1 disease.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Cyst formation - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) causes abnormal cell growth, leading to the formation of cysts in the kidneys, but the way in which cysts form is not clear.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron, and each kidney has about a million nephrons.</span> <span class="notranslate">Each nephron consists of a glomerulus, a set of very small arteries intermingled with tubules.</span> <span class="notranslate">Glomeruli and tubules together to filter waste products from the blood stream and put them out in the urine.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">With ADBPB, cyst begins to expand tubules.</span> <span class="notranslate">Tubules increased over time, usually due to accumulation of fluid in the cyst.</span> <span class="notranslate">Cells that are clean and multiply it grows.</span> <span class="notranslate">Cysts may grow in the liver, pancreas and / or spleen.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">EFFECT OF KIDNEY - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) often leads to progressive kidney failure, partly because of the constant enlargement clean.</span> <span class="notranslate">May occur, and other effects such as high blood pressure, kidney infections, blood in the urine (hematuria) and kidney stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">Pain in the lower back and abdomen is also possible.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney failure - Kidney failure hard enough to require dialysis or a kidney transplant is called the last stage renal disease (ESRD).</span> <span class="notranslate">Although ADBPB may cause ESRD in childhood, usually occurring in middle age or later.</span> <span class="notranslate">Likely need for dialysis in patients with ADBPB is estimated at less than 2 per cent in people under 40 years of age and increases to 50 to 75 percent by the age of 70 to 75 years.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidney failure does not occur in all patients with ADBPB.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Risk Factors - Risk of chronic kidney disease (a precursor to end-stage renal disease) in ADBPB depends on a number of risk factors.</span> <span class="notranslate">Factors that increase risk include younger age at diagnosis, male sex, presence BPB1, frequent episodes of visible blood in the urine, high blood pressure and enlarged kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Having more than one risk factor further increases the risk of worsening kidney disease whatever men and women.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">High blood pressure - High blood pressure often occurs in the case of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) and is diagnosed in 60 to 70 percent of patients.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is often diagnosed early in the disease, before any sign of kidney failure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney infection - Approximately 30 to 50 percent of patients with ADBPB will have more of a kidney infection.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The primary symptoms of kidney infection in people with ADBPB as fever and back pain.</span> <span class="notranslate">The infection can affect kidney or cyst.</span> <span class="notranslate">In case of infection cysts are not all antibiotics are equally effective.</span> <span class="notranslate">As it is not easy to determine the site of infection, most doctors will recommend an oral antibiotic that can penetrate the cyst.</span> <span class="notranslate">Some patients with very high fever or severe pain should be treated by intravenous antibiotics.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine - hematuria (blood in urine) occurs in 35 to 50 percent of patients with ADBPB and may be the first sign of illness.</span> <span class="notranslate">With hematuria, the urine may be pink or red.</span> <span class="notranslate">Often there are repeated episodes of hematuria.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hematuria usually causes bleeding into the cyst due to the rupture as a result of a urinary tract infection or with effort; bleeding can cause pain from the lumbar (low back pain).</span> <span class="notranslate">Patients with ADBPB can develop and stones buburezima, which can also lead to hematuria and pain in the hips.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hematuria associated with ruptured cysts usually stop after two to seven days.</span> <span class="notranslate">Treatment usually involves rest and large amounts of fluid until the bleeding stops.</span> <span class="notranslate">If bleeding does not stop with bed rest and increased intake of fluids, you may need treatment to stop the bleeding.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Buburezima stones - Kidney stones occur in about 20 percent of people with polycystic kidney disease.</span><span class="notranslate">Kidney stones can cause pain and sometimes can block the path of urine without symptoms.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Treatment of kidney stones blocking the road when the urine is more difficult in patients with ADBPB.</span><span class="notranslate">Surgical removal of the cyst hinders the use of stone or shock wave to break his (extracorporeal shock wave therapy or lithotripsy ESWL).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Pain in the lower back and abdomen - Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) often feel pain in my stomach and lower back which is not associated with infection, bleeding into cysts or stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">The pain is often dull and plodding, and is thought to be due to stretching of the wall cysts, or pressure on other organs as the kidneys and / or liver enlarged.</span> <span class="notranslate">In contrast, sudden pain is often caused by bleeding or infection in the cyst, torsion of the kidney or kidney stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Most people with persistent, dull pain in the abdomen or lower back is not usually needed therapy, often recommended analgesics such as acetaminophen.</span> <span class="notranslate">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are also sometimes recommended, although patients with polycystic kidney disease should consult with your doctor about the risks and benefits of NSAIDs and before you start to use them.</span> <span class="notranslate">NSAIDs are not recommended when renal function is reduced.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Some people have pain persistent enough to limit their daily functioning.</span> <span class="notranslate">Severe pain is usually estimated by ultrasound to see if the painful part of a large cyst.</span> <span class="notranslate">If there is, it is possible to introduce a needle into the cyst ultrasound and draw liquid from it.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most patients felt pain relief after draining.</span><span class="notranslate">However, the pain usually occurs again and sometimes surgery is needed to reduce the pressure of the cysts.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">VAN RENAL COMPLICATIONS - In patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the possible emergence of a large number of complications outside the kidney.</span> <span class="notranslate">Of these complications is thought to arise from the same abnormality responsible for the formation of cysts in the kidneys.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Cerebral aneurysm - The most serious complication of polycystic kidney disease is cerebral or brain aneurysm (a blood vessel due to weakening of its wall).</span> <span class="notranslate">Aneurysms can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.</span> <span class="notranslate">If not treated quickly, the bleeding can cause irreversible brain damage or death.</span> <span class="notranslate">Shooting anerurizme often occurs in patients with larger aneurysms and / or poorly controlled high blood pressure.</span> <span class="notranslate">The most common symptom is bleeding, rash, severe headache, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">About 4 percent of young adults with ADBPB may have brain aneurysms, and the frequency increases with age to about 10 percent.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with a family history of cerebral aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage have the highest risk of aneurysm formation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For high risk patients recommended early diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms.</span> <span class="notranslate">Test (search for aneurysm) is usually performed using different scanners such as CT scan or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Currently, routine testing is recommended only in case of high-risk patients, such as patients who have had ruptured aneurysms, patients with a family history of brain hemorrhage, patients with warning symptoms, or patients with high-risk activity (eg pilot), when loss of consciousness may that seriously endangers the patient or another person.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Testing of patients at low risk are not recommended because they are rare aneurysm in the group, and most of detected aneurysms has a low risk of rupture.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, there is a risk of serious neurologic complications related to corrective surgeries, this means that the risk of removing the aneurysm outweigh the benefits of avoiding the rupture.</span> <span class="notranslate">Therefore, most patients with low risk would benefit from the invention of the aneurysm, especially because the operation of small aneurysms is not recommended.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Aneurysms that are greater than 7 to 10 mm have a high risk of rupture (up to 2 per cent gorišnje).</span><span class="notranslate">Cerebral aneurysms and size as those that cause the symptoms can be corrected with surgery or a procedure that sets the coil inside the aneurysm to reduce the risk of cracking.</span> <span class="notranslate">Smaller aneurysms that do not cause symptoms rarely break and are adjusted routinely, except in patients with a history of bleeding.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Cysts in the liver - liver cysts are common in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB), the affected 30 to 40 percent of patients younger than 30 years to more than 80 to 90 percent of people older than 60 years.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Cysts in the liver are more common in people with advanced chronic kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although the incidence of polycystic liver disease is similar in men and women, very large cysts occur exclusively in women and more common in women who have had multiple pregnancies.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Most patients with cysts in the liver have no symptoms and have normal or nearly normal liver function.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, some individuals may occur pain (if persistent or very strong it may be necessary to drain the cyst) and / or infection of the cyst (which requires antibiotic therapy and, in some cases, drainage).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Valvular heart disease - Abnormalities of the heart valves occur in 25 to 30 percent of patients with ADBPB.</span> <span class="notranslate">The majority of patients with valvular heart disease have no symptoms and require no treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, valvular heart disease over time can worsen and become severe enough to be required to replace them.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diverticula column - a pocket diverticulum (expand outwards) that can occur in the colon wall, especially at the point where it enters the blood vessel.</span> <span class="notranslate">Divertikulozis indicates the presence of diverticula in the colon; Diverticulitis refers to inflammation of the diverticula.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) have an increased likelihood of complications of diverticula in the colon, especially after renal transplantation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Symptoms of diverticulitis include abdominal pain (which may be similar to the pain caused by cysts in the kidneys), diarrhea, and blood in the stool.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with the disease have no symptoms of diverticula that do not need specific treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">Treatment of diverticulitis depends on the severity of symptoms and clinical findings.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Abdominal wall hernia - hernia occurs where muscles are weakened.</span> <span class="notranslate">Part can be enhanced if pressed bodies behind the muscle, especially if a person increase pressure on the abdomen (such as during coughing or while carrying a heavy load).</span> <span class="notranslate">Abdominal wall hernias are relatively common, affecting about 45 percent of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Surgery is the best treatment of abdominal wall hernias, but surgical treatment is required for all chemistry.</span> <span class="notranslate">Small hernia and can only be monitored.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) is usually easy to diagnose in patients with pain in the hips or abdomen and who have a family history ADBPB.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is usually recommended examinations such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) or CT scan, and such statements can be seen enlarged kidneys with multiple cysts in both kidneys.</span> <span class="notranslate">Cysts can be found in the liver, pancreas and spleen.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For people without a family history ADBPB is a little harder to diagnose.</span> <span class="notranslate">At polycystic kidney disease can be suspected after a scan, for example, ultrasound, done for some other reason.</span> <span class="notranslate">Family history may be negative because the family members developed symptoms later died from some other cause before ADBPB diagnosed, or did not have any symptoms.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">TREATMENT polycystic kidney disease - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) often leads to kidney failure due to continued enlargement of the cysts.</span> <span class="notranslate">Therefore, treatment focuses on slowing the progression of kidney failure and treatment of kidney infections or kidney stones and pain in the lower back or abdomen.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">High blood pressure - treatment of high blood pressure can have a double meaning in people with polycystic kidney disease because it can slow the loss of kidney function and the risk of rupture of cerebral aneurysms is minimized.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with high blood pressure have a higher risk of kidney failure.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) can effectively lower blood pressure in most patients with ADBPB.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Restriction of dietary protein - There are conflicting findings regarding the benefits of a low-protein diet in patients with ADBPB.</span> <span class="notranslate">Due to the limited evidence for the benefits we do not recommend lowering protein intake of 1 to 1.1 g / kg per day.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this example, a man of 82 kg would need about 90 grams of protein per day.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">End-stage renal disease - Patients with ADBPB who progress to end-stage renal disease are or dialysis or kidney transplantation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">People with ADBPB requiring dialysis is usually treated with hemodialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">People with ADBPB undergoing dialysis live longer than people with the last-stage renal disease other cause.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Peritoneal dialysis, a form of dialysis that involves infusing fluid in the abdomen and draining the fluid over time, rarely performed because of the presence of enlarged kidneys.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Prognosis after renal transplantation is usually excellent.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Testing for polycystic kidney disease - relatives of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADBPB) enabled testing.</span> <span class="notranslate">The decision about testing the BPB should be made after consultation with an experienced doctor, and that will include all the pros and cons of such testing.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Testing in children - child patient with ADBPB can be tested for the disease before symptoms develop.</span><span class="notranslate">The chance of a child being hit by ADBPB included when a parent is ill one in two (50 percent).</span> <span class="notranslate">When both parents are born out of a chance than three in four cases (75 per cent) that the child will be affected.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">However, testing is not usually recommended as a child, unless the child shows no symptoms of the disease, because ultrasound testing in children is not reliable.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most people with BPB does not develop cysts to a later time.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, the diagnosis of disease in children does not affect the subsequent treatment, and can lead to the child's anxiety and fear.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">A patient who has ADBPB should follow the child's blood pressure once a year, starting from the third year.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although it is recommended for all children, it is not always.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Examination of polycystic kidneys in adults - adult with a family history of polycystic kidney disease, but who have no symptoms, may be subject to testing.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, it is important to understand that people who have no symptoms do not need treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, the diagnosis of BPB can potentially affect the possibility that the person gets life insurance.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Ultrasound - tests such as ultrasound can be used to diagnose ADBPB's, using the criteria described below.</span> <span class="notranslate">These criteria are very sensitive with respect to the detection BPB1: and less sensitive in patients with non-BPB1 disease in which cysts occur later in life.</span> <span class="notranslate">To be diagnosed ADBPB:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For people younger than 30 years at least two cysts (in one or both kidneys) must be detected by ultrasound.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">In patients aged 30 to 59 have at least two cysts that are detected in each kidney ultrasound.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">In patients older than 60 years, four or more cysts must be found in each kidney ultrasound.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Negative ultrasound or CT scan does not mean that a person does BPB1, unless the age of 30.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is not clear when after ultrasound BPB2 can be turned off.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For example, a person older than 30 years and has a negative ultrasound can develop non-BPB1 disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, people with non-BPB1 have a lower risk of kidney failure than people with BPB1.</span><span class="notranslate">That some people can provide comfort.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Genetic Testing - Genetic testing can be used to test for BPB1 or BPB2 mutations, although their use is limited due to cost and lack of diagnosis in 30 percent of cases.</span> <span class="notranslate">Genetic tests can be used:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In the case of young adults with a family history ADBPB and negative ultrasound, which is a potential kidney donor</span><br /><span class="notranslate">In the case of a person with that diagnosis ADBPB after other tests is not clear.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">It seems that the formation of cysts in ADBPB begins in the fetus.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, the disease usually does not cause symptoms in young children.</span> <span class="notranslate">Genetic testing can be done during pregnancy to see if the child is affected, although it is not recommended for several important reasons:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The test is not perfect and may show that the child was positive for ADPBP when it is not.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The test may be negative, and ADBPB still be present.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Some people with mutations in genes never develop symptoms ADBPB a</span><br /><span class="notranslate">ADBPB the majority of patients does not cause symptoms until middle age (and by then it may be found effective therapy that will prevent the growth of cysts).</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-59623920088464855372013-07-05T17:05:00.003+02:002013-07-05T17:05:49.096+02:00Hemodialysis<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1199462262708128643" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Dialysis is a method of treatment of terminal renal failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">When the kidneys are no longer working effectively, waste products (toxins) and fluid builds up in the body.</span> <span class="notranslate">Dialysis takes over the functions of the kidneys are failing and removes waste products and fluid.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Dialysis is usually required when the lost 90 percent or more of kidney function.</span> <span class="notranslate">This behavior usually occurs several months or years after the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.</span> <span class="notranslate">At the beginning of kidney disease used other types of therapies that help maintain kidney function and delay the need for renal replacement therapy.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What type DIALYSIS BEST?</span> <span class="notranslate">- When dialysis becomes necessary, the patient (with the doctors) examine the pros and cons of the two types of dialysis:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hemodialysis (in the center or at home)</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Peritoneal Dialysis</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The choice between hemodialysis and hemodialysis peritonumske influenced by many factors such as availability, convenience, underlying medical problems, the situation in the home and age.</span> <span class="notranslate">This decision is best made after discussion with your doctor about the risks and benefits of both types of dialysis.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">When you start dialysis - Together with the doctor, the patient decides on the time of starting dialysis, according to the kidney failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">The decision affect renal function (as measured by blood tests and urine tests), overall health, nutritional status, symptoms, quality of life, personal preferences and other factors.</span> <span class="notranslate">Doctors recommend that dialysis begin much before the kidney disease has progressed so much that can be life-threatening complications.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Many patients have to start dialysis when renal function is 8 to 12 percent of normal, even though it varies from patient to patient.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In some situations, dialysis must immediately begin.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the blood tests suggest that this is a very poor kidney function or non-existent, or if there are symptoms such as confusion or bleeding associated with kidney disease, the application of dialysis should be started immediately.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Preparation for hemodialysis - Preparation for hemodialysis should be made at least a few months before it becomes necessary.</span> <span class="notranslate">In particular, the procedures needed "vascular access" (described below) for a few weeks or months before treatment.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Vascular access - Vascular access to collect blood from the bodies of patients, its treatment in the dialysis machine and back into the body of the patient.</span> <span class="notranslate">There are three main types of vascular access: primary AV fistula, synthetic AV grafts and central venous catheter.</span> <span class="notranslate">Other names for access to the fistula or shunt.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The approach needs to be made before the start of dialysis because of the time needed for its "maturity".</span> <span class="notranslate">Consultation on Access to begin even earlier, because he has to avoid injury to the vessels that will be used for it.</span> <span class="notranslate">Intravenous infusion or frequent blood sampling from the arm that will be used to create vascular access can damage veins, which subsequently makes it impossible to use those for vascular access.</span> <span class="notranslate">Access is usually on the right hand that is not dominant; lefthanded people will have access to the left hand.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">After the formation of vascular access is very important to monitor it and take care of him.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Primary AV fistula - Primary AV fistula is the most common type of vascular access.</span> <span class="notranslate">Requires a surgical procedure that makes a direct connection between arteries and veins.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is often done on the forearm, but it can on the upper arm.</span> <span class="notranslate">Sometimes, the veins that normally would not be useful for creating AV fistulas may be moved so that it is accessible and this can often be performed on the upper arm.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Regardless of the position or the way in which it is made, access under the skin.</span> <span class="notranslate">During dialysis, the approach introduces two pins.</span> <span class="notranslate">Through a needle of blood out of the body, passes through the dialysis machine and back into the body through another needle.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Primary AV fistulae usually makes two to four months before they will be used for dialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">During this time, the wound will heal and access will be fully developed and "mature."</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Synthetic graft - Sometimes the veins in the hand of the patient are not suitable for the creation of the fistula.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this case, the surgeon can use a flexible rubber tube in order to make a path between arteries and veins.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is called a synthetic graft.</span> <span class="notranslate">Graft under the skin and is used in the same way as the fistula.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Graft heals faster than fistulas can often be used for two weeks after installation.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, complications such as narrowing of the blood vessels and infection occur more frequently than in the case of graft AV fistula.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Central venous catheter - Central venous catheter using a thin flexible tube that is inserted into a large vein (usually a door).</span> <span class="notranslate">Recommended if dialysis must immediately begin, and the patient does not have a functioning AV fistula or graft.</span> <span class="notranslate">This type of approach is usually used only temporarily.</span> <span class="notranslate">In some cases, however, there may be problems with the maintenance of AV fistula or graft, and central venous catheter permanent access.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Catheters have the highest risk of infection and the worst position in comparison with other approaches; should be used only if the primary fistula or synthetic graft can not be sustained.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Changes in diet - Some patients, especially those made in the dialysis center, it will have to make changes in your diet before and during treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">These changes are provided to prevent overloading and liquids to enter a balanced amount of protein, calories, vitamins and minerals.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Can you recommend a diet low in sodium, potassium and phosphorus, and fluids (drinks and food) may be limited.</span> <span class="notranslate">A dietitian can help patients when choosing foods that are compatible with dialysis treatment.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">LOCATION hemodialysis treatment - hemodialysis can be performed at home or in the center.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Home treatment - treatment for pets is essential that the patient and members of his / her family educated and constant support physicians experienced in the treatment of patients on home hemodialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">This usually means nephrologist (kidney specialist) and too specialized nurse.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Patients treated with hemodialysis at home usually can lead an independent life and often have longer survival compared to patients treated in a dialysis center.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is partly due to the fact that patients on home hemodialysis have more frequent and longer dialysis treatments of patients at the center.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Home hemodialysis is generally performed three to seven times a week and lasts between three and ten hours after treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">Hemodialysis, which is done during the day usually takes three to four hours a day, four to seven times a week.</span> <span class="notranslate">Hemodialysis, which is done at night (nocturnal hemodialysis takzvana) is usually performed three to seven times a week while the patient sleeps.</span> <span class="notranslate">Preparation and cleaning needed more time.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Home dialysis can be done at a time that suits the patient.</span> <span class="notranslate">Usually require the participation of another person (family member, friend or technician) who helps the patient before, during and after dialysis.</span><span class="notranslate">The doctor has to be a phone available in case of problems or issues; daily (or nightly) dialysis schedule provides additional benefit compared to treatment at the center, which is done three times a week.</span> <span class="notranslate">More frequent dialysis results in a significant increase in health, reduce symptoms during and between dialysis and improves the quality of žifvota.</span> <span class="notranslate">Home dialysis can improve quality of life as to download more responsibilities related to care of themselves and to staying in the comfort of the apartment during the treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, patients who use home hemodialysis can usually keep their job.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Equipment - For home dialysis is necessary that the patient has a dialysis machine at home.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, the system is required for the preparation of water for hemodialysis (reverse osmosis), dialyzers, dialysis solutions, disinfectants, syringes, needles, drugs, blood lines and sets to test the waters.</span> <span class="notranslate">Some devices need electrical and plumbing modifications of the house in which dialysis is performed.</span> <span class="notranslate">Currently available equipment for the size of night-table.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Treatment center for dialysis - Dialysis can be performed in a hospital, clinic associated with a hospital or an independent clinic.</span> <span class="notranslate">The centers employ doctors, nurses and carers and all involved in the care.</span><span class="notranslate">Generally, the dialysis center takes between three and five hours (an average of three and a half to four hours) and is performed three times a week.</span> <span class="notranslate">During treatment the patient can sleep or read and usually has access to a television.</span> <span class="notranslate">The HD unit consumption of food and beverages, as well as visits are usually limited.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Travel Tools - Dialysis centers are located all over the world.</span> <span class="notranslate">Patients who need dialysis, but who want to travel scheduling consultations in the center of the village in which they want to travel (temporary center).</span> <span class="notranslate">Many dialysis centers have an employee, nurse or social worker, to help in organizing the visit; planning should be done six to eight weeks prior to travel to ensure a place.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Dialysis center where the patient has regular treatments temporary center must provide the patient's medical history, including the results of recent tests and information about treatment, list of medications, insurance information, and any other necessary information.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Patients with chronic medical problems, including those requiring dialysis, the trip must be carefully planned.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Monitoring the quality HEMODIALYSIS</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In patients treated with hemodialysis are regularly doing lab tests to check the quality or adequacy of hemodialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">Modern dialysis machines have all the modules during dialysis showed the same quality.</span><span class="notranslate">Based on the results of these tests are set conditions hemodialysis (blood flow velocity, length of dialysis, type of dialysis filter, etc.)..</span> <span class="notranslate">Numerous clinical studies have shown that the efficiency and adequacy of hemodialysis affect survival of patients as well as in the quality of life.</span> <span class="notranslate">Assessing the adequacy of dialysis should be done at least once a month.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Monitoring body weight - After failing kidneys that can not remove the required amount of fluid from the body, the task must be performed dialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">Accumulation of fluid between two hemodialysis treatments can lead to complications.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most patients measure the weight before and after dialysis and are looking for an everyday weight control at home.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the patient's weight between the two treatments increased more than normal, he must contact his or her doctor.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Care Access - It is very important to take care of vascular access in order to prevent complications.</span><span class="notranslate">Complications can occur even when the patient is alert, but less if you take certain precautions:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Access daily washing with soap and water, and always before starting.</span> <span class="notranslate">The patient should not be slate or removes scabs.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Every day check whether there are symptoms of infection such as redness or to the temperature.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Daily check to see if there is access to the blood flow.</span> <span class="notranslate">You need to feel the vibrations through access.</span><span class="notranslate">Tell your doctor if there is none, or change.</span> <span class="notranslate">Blood flow is sometimes controlled by ultrasound (Doppler).</span> <span class="notranslate">Monitoring the flow and velocity of blood flow through the access during treatment.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Hand with approach must not be violated; patient should not wear tight clothes, jewelry, or heavy things to sleep on that arm.</span> <span class="notranslate">You should not allow blood tests or blood pressure in the arm.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Unwanted effects on hemodialysis - Most patients well tolerated hemodialysis.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, I can report adverse events.</span> <span class="notranslate">Low blood pressure is the most common complication and may be accompanied by dizziness, shortness of breath, abdominal cramps and muscle pain, nausea and vomiting.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For any inconvenience that may occur during hemodialysis, treatments and preventive measures.</span><span class="notranslate">Many side effects are associated with excess salt and fluid accumulation between treatments, which is minimized by carefully monitoring the amount of salt and fluid enters the patient between two dialysis.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-3148470590219131012013-07-05T17:05:00.000+02:002013-07-05T17:05:06.222+02:00Kidney stones<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2598576413277335678" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">The presence of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis Latin) is a common disease and it is such.</span> <span class="notranslate">in the U.S. occurs in about 12% of men and 5% of women younger than 70 years.</span> <span class="notranslate">The disease is three times more common in men than in women which can be explained by hormonal and metabolic differences between the sexes.</span> <span class="notranslate">Also, the disease is more common in developed countries and in people of higher social status, which is associated with the diet.</span> <span class="notranslate">In some areas of the country uečstalost occurrence of kidney stones was higher (lithogenic areas) which are associated with water quality and diet.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheZTkd8vwmjp251JLtyiciSkN7UKbAfGsiaP5VwUn2o50tbECXRRNmUexiCmuGZb07kF0KFYafPUWUweyvJWDMTDYG3T_H3oO22I_gheMZJfcFsbcfb5BGi-v7393c-RReSU6Me2VYrZKt/s259/bubreg.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What causes kidney stones?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">There are several theories about the pathogenesis of kidney stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">The most common reason for the occurrence of kidney stones is increased excretion in the urine of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, oxalate, cystine, uric acid) or impaired balance and promoters of the aforementioned inhibitors (magnesium, citrate, pyrophosphate and glycosaminoglycans) crystallization of minerals in the urine.</span><span class="notranslate">The urine is a saturated solution of various salts.</span> <span class="notranslate">In situations where it becomes saturated due to increased excretion of minerals or lack of fluids in the body and situations to reduce the concentration of inhibitor crystallization occurs fomiranja crystals in the urine that can grow into a stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What contributes to kidney stones?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The factors that contribute to the formation of kidney stones include urinary tract infections, urinary tract diseases in which there is stasis of urine (anatomical anomalies of the kidney, ureteral stricture, urinary reflux, prostate enlargement, etc..), Endocrine and metabolic disorders (hyperparathyroidism, uric diathesis) genetic predisposition, diet and insufficient fluid intake or dehydration status (loss of fluids from the body), prolonged immobilization, a bowel disease and systemic diseases such as Crohn's disease, jejunal-ileal bypass and sarcoidosis, and taking certain medications (calcium, vitamin preparations D, sulfonamides).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Size of the stone varies from a few millimeters when you use the term sand up to several centimeters.</span><span class="notranslate">Smaller stones usually spontaneously leave the kidney and eliminated out of the body without any medical intervention.</span> <span class="notranslate">When the stone is greater than 7 mm is likely that he stopped in the urinary tract and cause stagnation of urine, often with associated infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">Larger stones can not always get into the urethra and remain in the kidney where usually gradually growing.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What constitutes a kidney stone?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Kidney stones have a different chemical composition.</span> <span class="notranslate">In 75% of cases are composed of calcium salts (calcium oxalate, phosphate or carbonate), and rarely are composed of uric acid, cystine or struivita.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">What are the symptoms of kidney stones and how it reveals?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Clinical symptoms depend on the localization scale.</span> <span class="notranslate">Kidney stones usually cause a dull lumbar pain.</span><span class="notranslate">Joining stone mokraćovog characterized by severe pain (renal colic), which extends from the loin to groin and was accompanied by frequent urination, nausea and vomiting and sometimes blood in the urine, and urinary tract symptoms.</span> <span class="notranslate">The pain usually lasts 20 to 60 minutes, but sometimes a few hours and can be so intense that requires hospitalization.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The presence of kidney stones reveals the ultrasound and X-ray (intravenous urography).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">How to treat kidney stones?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For smaller stones which are expected spontaneous elimination of therapeutic measures include increased fluid intake by mouth or through an IV, analgesics, and physical activity.</span> <span class="notranslate">In gallstone stuck in the urinary tract (usually stones larger than 9 mm) or larger stones in the kidney apply various treatment methods such as extracorporeal lithotripsy (extracorporeal shock wave breaking), ureterolitotripsija (introduction of a special instrument into the ureter or kidney and in situ breaking stone), percutaneous nefrolitotomija (introducing an instrument through the skin into the renal pelvis and in situ breaking stone) and operative treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">Surgical treatment is rarely applied and is generally reserved for larger concre (3 cm and above).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">How to prevent the recurrence of kidney stones?</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">A patient once had a stone has a good chance (to 70%) to get the stone back.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this sense, especially in patients with recurrent stones or stones on both sides, it is nephrology and urology examination in order to detect the possible cause of kidney stones and predisposing factors.</span> <span class="notranslate">Depending on the results of the tests and the composition of revealed determined by medical therapy and diet.</span> <span class="notranslate">Sometimes, as is the case for example with increased parathyroid gland function, it is necessary to surgically treat them.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In general, all patients with stones should drink more fluids (non-carbonated water, cranberry, lemonade, urological tea), especially during summer months when the fluid lost through sweating or evaporation.</span> <span class="notranslate">Daily amount of urine izulučene should be more than 2 liters.</span> <span class="notranslate">Do not take grapefruit juice because it promotes stone formation.</span> <span class="notranslate">In patients with stones composed of calcium oxalate in the diet to avoid spinach, cabbage, lettuce, peas, green beans, beets.</span> <span class="notranslate">When phosphate stones should avoid fish, egg yolk, milk and dairy products, and uric acid stones offal, red meat, peas, green beans, beans, almonds, peanuts and mushrooms.</span> <span class="notranslate">All patients with gallstones should avoid salt in your diet.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">A person can be infected when bacteria invade the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, anus, urethra or vagina.</span> <span class="notranslate">Ejaculation is not necessary to avoid infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">Risk factors for infection are a number of partners, a new partner, or a history of sexually transmitted diseases.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Chlamydia symptoms - Chlamydia infection can cause mild to severe symptoms.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, some sick people do not show symptoms, which allows transmission of the disease from one person to another before it is diagnosed.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-72854674215373427412013-07-05T17:04:00.003+02:002013-07-05T17:04:24.525+02:00Intravenous urography<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2886430502964646100" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Intravenous urography is a radiological diagnostic method of recording the kidney and urinary tract (ureter, bladder and urethra).</span> <span class="notranslate">This method is performed by a peripheral vein injected iodine contrast agent, which is then excreted by the kidneys and urinary tract.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this way, we get an insight into the function of the kidney and urinary tract anatomy.</span> <span class="notranslate">Thus, intravenous urography allows us to reduce diagnostic or absence of renal function, and visualization of different pathological processes in the urinary tract (tumors, stones, congenital anomalies, chronic inflammatory changes, halt the flow of urine, enlargement of the prostate, etc.)..</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Prepare patient for examination involves taking laksativnih resources and avoiding foods that doovode to the formation of gas in the intestines, for 2 to 3 days prior to the examination.</span> <span class="notranslate">A few hours before the examination the patient should not take water.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">A simple glance is quite simple and is performed during the patient lying on the radiological table.</span><span class="notranslate">Initially do so.</span> <span class="notranslate">native footage of the urinary tract and then gives a vein contrast agent.</span> <span class="notranslate">During the scan, which takes about 45 minutes and sometimes hours or more, depending on renal function, repeated doses of x-rays of the right urinary tract.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Indications for the use of this diagnostic method has narrowed in recent years due to the introduction into clinical practice of diagnostic ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, the diagnostic procedure is still very useful in the diagnosis of certain pathological conditions, especially diseases ureter and urinary systems.</span> <span class="notranslate">The disadvantages of this method are mainly related to exposure to ionizing radiation and receiving contrast agent that can cause severe allergic reactions or renal function (especially in patients who already have impaired renal function or in patients with diabetes).</span> <span class="notranslate">An indication for this examination always ask the urologist or nephrologist. </span><span class="notranslate">Sensitization of the patient to the contrast agent is an absolute contraindication for the use of this diagnostic method.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-3241938063342918332013-07-05T17:03:00.004+02:002013-07-05T17:03:41.529+02:00How to prevent the formation of kidney stones?<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-512975100644294085" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Prevention of recurrence of calcium stones (which is usually composed mainly of calcium oxalate) is to decrease the concentration litogenih factors (calcium oxalate) and increasing concentrations of</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate">inhibitors of stone formation, such as citrate.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Achieving these goals may require a change in diet and the use of appropriate medications.</span> <span class="notranslate">Medical therapy (and metabolic assessment) is usually carried out in the case of patients who have formed more than a stone.</span> <span class="notranslate">Even if the patient threw a stone, it is important to review the footage to determine whether there are other stones because of their passing is not equivalent to the formation.</span> <span class="notranslate">At least one stone patients are encouraged to increase their fluid intake and periodically controlled (usually renal ultrasonography), to determine whether there is a new rock.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #730010; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4JBhN1Vmks0dX-b4OxOpME2F8irE2yWD94hK0Xgq_1mCROe1BMdkhVy6c-moZ0IAJ1KC_Su1LSyCJzVrJSFwbk_oFi1JSkYmef7-MWzOcJpPI_XVxQMmPny8rQWm4jVc2_YsLAtUgKw6/s199/images.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Here we present the treatment of patients with recurrent calcium stone formation.</span> <span class="notranslate">Treatment of patients with re-formation of rocks of different origin, and unknown are displayed separately, as well as risk factors for recurrence of calcium.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">STONES calcium oxalate - the re-emergence of calcium oxalate stones is a large number of dietary modification and drug therapy.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Dietary modification - From the child, change fluids, calcium, oxalate, animal protein, potassium, sucrose, fructose, sodium phytate and vitamin C may be useful.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is unclear what role vitamin D has in the formation of these types of stones.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Increased fluid intake - Increased intake of fluids during the day (although not necessarily the patient wakes up several times during the night to urinating), increase the rate of urine flow and decrease the concentration of substances dissolved in it.</span> <span class="notranslate">Both phenomena can affect the reduction of the occurrence of stone.</span> <span class="notranslate">In a prospective study, 199 patients with the first appearance of calcium stones randomly determined not to undergo the treatment and referral of increased fluid intake to form at least two urine a day.</span> <span class="notranslate">After five years, the incidence of new stones was significantly lower in the treated patients compared to the control group (12 vs. 27 percent).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Similar findings were obtained in another prospective study.</span> <span class="notranslate">Patients who developed a cornerstone had a larger volume of urine from patients with the disease reappeared (320 ml / day relative to no change).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Type of liquid - The risk of stone is considered to be influenced by the type of liquid.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, data to support this are limited and presented in more detail in a separate booklet.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Grapefruit juice may be linked to an increased risk of developing stones, although the potential mechanism has not yet been identified.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although data are limited, to avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice may make sense in the case of patients with calcium oxalate stones.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Coffee, tea and alcohol in prospective observational studies linked to a reduced risk of developing stones</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Cranberry juice, which is recommended as prophylaxis of developing urinary tract infections, increased urinary saturation of calcium oxalate when ingested in large amounts (one liter per day).</span><span class="notranslate">Intake of moderate amounts is usually not harmful, but there is no evidence that this drink contributes to the prevention of stones.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Reducing intake of animal protein - negative changes in the excretion of calcium, uric acid and citrate in the urine may occur due to a diet high in protein, because amino acids containing sulfur acid load increases day by creating sulfuric acid.</span> <span class="notranslate">Animal proteins often lead to the appearance of the plant, because they have a higher sulfur content, and thus produce more acid.</span> <span class="notranslate">Therefore, the reduced intake of animal protein to bring positive changes in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, it has not been proven to reduce the appearance of stone.</span> <span class="notranslate">In observational studies, a diet rich in animal protein is a risk factor for kidney stones in men but not in women.</span> <span class="notranslate">The random testing reduced intake of animal protein, along with higher daily calcium intake and lower sodium was associated with a lower risk of recurrence of stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Higher intake of fruits and vegetables - Foods rich in potassium, especially fruits and vegetables, can have a positive impact.</span> <span class="notranslate">Increased intake of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of forming calcium oxalate stones, especially in patients who have consumed some fruits and vegetables.</span> <span class="notranslate">This positive impact is primarily the result of increased excretion of citrate.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Limited intake of oxalate - Some foods are high in oxalates and should be avoided (eg spinach and rhubarb).</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition, some nuts and legumes also have high concentrations of oxalate and their intake should be limited (eg, peanuts, cashews and almonds).</span> <span class="notranslate">However, there is little evidence that a diet low in oxalate reduces the risk of stone formation.</span> <span class="notranslate">In prospective observational studies, individuals who have never had a stone, a higher intake of oxalate is only slightly raised the risk of stone men and older women: there is no indication in younger women.</span> <span class="notranslate">Because of the documented health benefits of many foods traditionally regarded as rich in oxalate (but still have them 10 mg or less per serving), strict oxalate restriction is not supported.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Restricted sodium intake - calcium is passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules sequence corresponding concentration gradient created reabsorpcijom sodium and water.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">For this reason, a low sodium diet (80 to 100 meq / day) may improve the proximal reabsorption of sodium and calcium, which leads to reduction in excretion of calcium.</span> <span class="notranslate">In one study, for example, lowering sodium intake from 200 to 80 meq / day reduced the excretion of calcium and 100 mg / day (2.5 mmol / day).</span> <span class="notranslate">Although the independent contribution of a low sodium diet is unknown, it is part of the regime which has been shown to reduce the appearance of new stones.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Limited intake of sucrose and fructose - For sucrose was shown to increase the concentration of calcium in the urine regardless of calcium intake and is associated with an increased risk of developing new stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">Fructose also increases the risk.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Calcium intake - Although a higher concentration of calcium often found in people with kidney stones is not recommended restricted intake of this mineral.</span> <span class="notranslate">Reduction of free intestinal calcium can lead to increased absorption of dietary oxalate and increased excretion of these, the reduced binding of calcium oxalate in the lumen of the intestine.</span> <span class="notranslate">The net effect may be increased supersaturation of urine with respect to calcium oxalate and increased the possibility of forming stones.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Possibility of preventing the creation of new stones with normal calcium intake is partly demonstrated a five-year study that compared two children among men with idiopathic hiperkalcenurijom and relapsed stones of calcium oxalate.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this study, 120 men were randomly prescribed diet which consisted of the normal amount of calcium (1,200 mg / day [30 mmol / day]) and small amounts of animal protein (52 g / day) and salt (2900 mg / day [50 mmol / day] sodium chloride) or a diet with a small amount of calcium (400 mg / day [10 mmol / day]).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">After five years, a significantly lower risk of stone recurrence was observed in men for whom the prescribed diet with normal calcium, a little animal protein and salt (unadjusted relative risk of 0.49, with a CI from 0.24 to 0.98).</span> <span class="notranslate">This selective advantage is likely a consequence of reduced excretion of oxalate in the urine, compared with the increase seen in the low-calcium diet; calcium in the urine actually declined in both groups.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, the independent effect of calcium is not clear because the amount of animal protein have entered ii salt in the group whose diet had little calcium were different.</span><span class="notranslate">Nonetheless, based diets with small amounts of calcium has no benefits and is not recommended.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In addition to increased formation of stones, diets low in calcium may have an additional negative effect in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria: the emergence of a negative calcium balance.</span> <span class="notranslate">This extra calcium loss may exacerbate already reduced bone density in some patients, a complication that may be due to increased absorption.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">It should be noted that calcium supplements have no effect in preventing recurrence of stone and may even slightly increase the risk.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In the case of patients with a history of kidney stones that need calcium supplementation (eg, for the treatment of osteoporosis), suggesting the measurement of urinary excretion of calcium before and about a month after starting the use of additional calcium.</span> <span class="notranslate">If there is a clinically significant increase in urinary excretion of calcium, addition of thiazide diuretics may be useful in reducing urinary excretion of the mineral (and helps maintain bone density).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Other - Large doses of vitamin C appears to increase in some patients the excretion of oxalate in the urine, as well as the risk of stone, because high doses of this supplement should be avoided in patients with higher urinary oxalate excretion.</span> <span class="notranslate">Phytate appears to reduce the risk of developing stones in women.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although it is not only a consequence of diet, higher body mass index increases the risk of stone formation, particularly in women.</span> <span class="notranslate">For this reason, weight control can help prevent recurrence of stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Drug therapy - Drug therapy is indicated if the disease is caused by stones formed active (which indicates the formation of new stones or enlarge old. Goal of treatment is to prevent further precipitation of calcium oxalate; dissolve existing calcium stones is almost impossible (as compared with stones from uric acid or cystine stones). initial course varies according to the existing metabolic disorder:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Thiazide diuretics reduce urinary calcium</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Allopurinol for hiperurikosuriju</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Calcium citrate to hipocitraturiju</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Patient adherence to prescribed medication or a child can become a significant issue for a long period of time.</span> <span class="notranslate">Studies that document the use of these interventions require at least three years before the results become significant.</span> <span class="notranslate">In an analysis of over 3000 patients followed in a well-organized Department of stumbling at the University of Chicago, reduction of urinary supersaturation was constant or improved over time in people who followed a yearly check.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, only 15 to 40 percent of patients complied with these requirements in three years.</span> <span class="notranslate">Adherence to long term therapies among those who did not, the control is not known.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hypercalciuria - Patients with a high concentration of calcium in the urine, which is due to the hypercalcemia (idiopathic hypercalciuria) and continuous active disease that causes the stones should be treated with normal calcium diet, a little animal protein and salt, plus the need to use thiazide diuretics such as as hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone (which has a longer shelf life).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Thiazide therapy may reduce excretion of calcium in the urine and 50 per cent.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is done primarily by inducing a slight volume decline, leading to compensatory increase in proximal reabsorption of sodium and thus to passive reabsorption of calcium.</span> <span class="notranslate">The net effect may be a reduction of 90 percentage incidence of stones to create a new (although there is a significant improvement from 50 to 65 percent of patients treated with placebo).</span> <span class="notranslate">This does not de [state if in addition to this therapy and no limit salt intake.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diuretics are usually started at a dose of 25 mg / day chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide (or its equivalent) to reduce the complications of diuretic therapy, but most patients need 50 to 100 mg / day to achieve adequate reduction of calcium in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Chlorthalidone may be applied once a day, but hydrochlorothiazide in doses higher than 25 mg / day may have to be given twice a day because of the short half life.</span> <span class="notranslate">Should be avoided because hypokalemia low potassium levels reduce the excretion of citrate in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Diet low in calcium should be avoided as it increases the risk of stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">The above mentioned drugs should not be used bey previous tests and they should always be prescribed by a doctor.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The tendency towards a positive balance of calcium with thiazide diuretics may have additional positive effects: increasing bone mineralization and reducing the incidence of hip fractures in elderly patients.</span> <span class="notranslate">This will be useful for patients who are mistakenly put on diets low in calcium and / or rich in sodium, which can lead to a negative balance of calcium and osteopenia in patients with high calcium in the urine.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Calcium in the urine and sodium excretion should be controlled after starting thiazide therapy.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the calcium in the urine remains higher than desired, it may be due to higher sodium intake and should try to reduce the excretion of sodium less than 100 meq (2300 mg) per day.</span> <span class="notranslate">Diuretic that does not lower the potassium, amiloride (5 to 10 mg / day) may also be added, as it may increase the reabsorption of calcium in the collective cortical tubules, thus more calcium excretion decreases.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">If the calcium in the urine is reduced sufficiently, or if the patient does not tolerate tiayidne diuretics can try adding alkali - one of the options the administration of 60 to 80 meq of alkali per day in the form of potassium bicarbonate or potassium citrate (citrate is rapidly metabolized to bicarbonate) .</span><span class="notranslate">Warning: potassium supplements should be given regularly with amiloride, because the combination can cause potassium retention and hyperkalemia.</span> <span class="notranslate">These preparations are also not be given in patients with impaired renal function or elevated serum potassium caused by other diseases.</span> <span class="notranslate">In any case, this type of therapy is always a doctor by statute.</span> <span class="notranslate">The administration of potassium citrate or calcium bicarbonate may have a positive impact by increasing the excretion of citrate in the urine, a potent inhibitor of calcium stone formation.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Another opinion is that the administration of neutral phosphate (orthophosphate) may reduce the excretion of calcium and increase the excretion of crystallization inhibitors (such as pyrophosphate).</span><span class="notranslate">However, no clinical studies documenting the effectiveness of this strategy in the prevention of recurrence of stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hyperuricosuria - Increased excretion of uric acid in the urine may contribute to formation of stones.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Some studies have shown that the application of the drug allopurinol may be useful in patients with elevated excretion of uric acid in the urine and stone formation in the urinary tract.</span> <span class="notranslate">Allopurinol therapy significantly reduced the likelihood of recurrence of calcium oxalate stones (0:12 versus 0:26 per patient per year with placebo).</span> <span class="notranslate">The results obtained in other studies have not confirmed this view at least when it comes to stones and calcium oxalate.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hipocitraturija - Increased excretion of citrate in the urine is the goal for patients with hipocitraturijom as citrate prevents the formation of hard stone by building dissociative, but soluble complexes with calcium, which reduces the amount of calcium available for binding with oxalate or phosphate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Citrate excretion may increase plasma alkalinizing with daily application of 30 to 80 meq potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate.</span> <span class="notranslate">In a controlled study of 57 patients, for example, the incidence of new stone was hipocitraturičnih lower in patients treated with potassium citrate (0.1 compared to 1.1 occurrences per patient per year in the placebo-treated group).</span> <span class="notranslate">This positive effect is associated with a doubling of citrate excretion.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Although orange juice and a good source of potassium citrate, it has some side effects: no lowers calcium excretion; moderately increased excretion of oxalate; increased caloric intake can lead to increased body weight.</span> <span class="notranslate">In contrast, the lemon juice is an effective source of citrate.</span> <span class="notranslate">In one report, for example, enter 120 ml of concentrated lemon juice a day (blended with water as lemonade, the total volume of 2 liters) resulted in increased levels of citrate in the urine in 11 of 12 patients (average increase of 142 to 346 mg / day, remained low), or who did not want to adhere to or did not tolerate conventional therapy substitution of citrate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Active treatment also reduced the excretion of calcium in the urine and did not change the excretion of oxalate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Should not be sweetened lemonade to avoid entry of additional calories.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Contrary to popular belief, cranberries sod while not increasing the levels of citrate in the urine.</span> <span class="notranslate">This was demonstrated in a study conducted on 24 people (12 had stones of calcium oxalate), in which the excretion of citrate was the same with water (control) or cranberry juice.</span> <span class="notranslate">A possible explanation for the lack of effect of the low content of potassium in the juice of cranberries.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Hyperoxaluria - high content of oxalate in the urine can be the result of ingestion of foods rich in oxalate, or factors that can be converted into them (eg vitamin C) and / or due to increased GI absorption of dietary oxalate (enteric Hyperoxaluria).</span> <span class="notranslate">Treatment of patients with enteric hyperoxaluria is to decrease the intestinal absorption of oxalate.</span> <span class="notranslate">The initial regimen consisting of large amounts of fluids, potassium citrate in the correction of metabolic acidosis, if present, and oral calcium carbonate or citrate (1 to 4 g / day) with meals for binding oxalate in the lumen of the intestine.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although the calcium absorbed much of the oxalate binds.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diet low in fats and oxalates can also be useful when it comes to this disorder as the result of reduction of amount of free fatty acid and oxalate in the colon.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, reliable data on oxalate content in different types of food were obtained only recently and restriction diets can lead to malnutrition of patients suffering from malabsorption of nutrients and / or short gut syndrome.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">No metabolic abnormalities - Some patients who are Calcium stones have recurred diagnosed metabolic abnormalities.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, careful analysis has shown that these patients often have more calcium, oxalate, and / or less citrate in the urine than normal, although no value does not reach the traditional value of the abnormal.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">People who form stones also often have a smaller volume of urine, which is another factor that increases the likelihood of stone formation.</span> <span class="notranslate">In one report, for example, patients with the first stone who later developed another had a basic daily amount of urine for 250 to 350 ml lower than those who were not re-developed stone.</span> <span class="notranslate">In some patients, the only abnormality was the volume of urine that led to increased concentrations of calcium and oxalate.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Stresses the importance of the concentration of urinary factors, not just the total amount of ekskretovane.</span> <span class="notranslate">For example, even when calcium is traditionally accepted hiperkalcinurijskom range, the concentration of calcium in the urine will be greater when the volume of urine decreased.</span> <span class="notranslate">If the volume of urine can constantly maintain a higher level of calcium in the urine has to be reduced.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Short Review - From the food, change fluid intake, calcium, oxalate, potassium phytate, animal protein, sucrose, fructose, sodium and vitamin C may be useful.</span> <span class="notranslate">Therefore, we recommend the following:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Drinking enough fluids during the day to produce at least 2 liters of urine, including drinking water during the night (although it is not necessary that the patient wakes several times at night to urinating).</span><span class="notranslate">This will increase the rate of urine flow and reduce the concentration of dissolved substances in the urine, which reduces the risk of stone formation.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">To achieve this goal, it is best recommended amount needed extra fluid in relation to his or her 24-hour urine volume.</span> <span class="notranslate">For example, if the total volume of urine 1.5 liter, we recommend an additional 240 ml of fluid every day to achieve the target value of 2 liters.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Limited intake of animal protein.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although it is not proven that eating a little protein reduces the incidence of stone, food botaga animal protein is a risk factor for gallstone formation in men but not in women.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Limit the intake of salt (sodium) to 100 meq / day.</span> <span class="notranslate">Eating a low sodium can increase proximal reabsorption of sodium and calcium, which leads to reduced excretion of calcium and less tendency to form stones.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Higher dietary intake of potassium, as this reduces the risk in men and older women.</span> <span class="notranslate">Higher intake of potassium is not allowed in patients who have an impaired kidney function or elevated serum potassium levels due to other causes.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Limiting the intake of sucrose and fructose.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Limiting the intake of oxalate and vitamin C in patients with calcium oxalate stones.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, the restriction is not too useful, patients should continue to eat a variety of vegetables and fruits.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Drug therapy is indicated if the disease is still active (as shown by the formation of new stones or increasing old), or if you do not notice improvement despite adequate dietary changes for three to six months.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Initial drug therapy varies according to the existing metabolic disorder:</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Thiazide diuretics to reduce the excretion of calcium in urine</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Allopurinol for hiperurikozuriju</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Potassium citrate for hipocitraturiju</span><br /><span class="notranslate">MONITORING RESPONSE TO THERAPY - 24-hour urine is an essential component of the initial assessment and impact on recommendations for prevention.</span> <span class="notranslate">Response to dietary therapy or medication followed by a repeated 24-hour urine collection.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is essential that patients with calcium oxalate stones from urinary track all factors of importance because they often have more than one urinary abnormalities.</span> <span class="notranslate">Although the remains of stone could theoretically bind the ingredients of urine and thus reduce the measured concentration, potential bias due to the existing stone is much smaller than the variability as a result of diet.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The goal of treatment is reversal of disorders detected during the initial examination (eg, a small volume of urine, hiperkalcinurija, hipocitraturija and Hyperoxaluria).</span> <span class="notranslate">Routine work one or two 24-hour collection of urine six to eight weeks after the start of treatment in order to determine the impact of the intervention.</span> <span class="notranslate">If there is a desired change, the values are measured again after six months, then once a year.</span> <span class="notranslate">If urinary abnormalities persist, additional therapy.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Another component of monitoring is periodic ultrasound examination of the urinary tract.</span> <span class="notranslate">Ultrasound examination should be performed once a year and, if negative, every two to four years after that.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Calcium phosphate stones - Generally, patients with calcium phosphate stones have the same risk factors as those with calcium oxalate (except hyperoxaluria), because the therapy is repeated occurrence of similar rocks in all situations.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-15610632800023135502013-07-05T17:03:00.000+02:002013-07-05T17:03:01.997+02:00Bladder infections<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2116367456373871875" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #faffe0; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 638px;">
<span class="notranslate">Bladder infections are the most common infections and lead to symptoms of burning sensation when urinating and frequent need to urinate.</span> <span class="notranslate">Infection of the bladder is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI).</span> <span class="notranslate">Bladder infections more common in women than in men.</span> <span class="notranslate">Most women experiencing uncomplicated bladder infection that is easily treated with antibiotics brief therapy.</span> <span class="notranslate">In men, bladder infections, and can hit the prostate and may be required longer treatment.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span class="notranslate">CAUSES bladder infections - urinary tract includes the kidneys (which filter the urine), ureters (tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder (where urine collects) and the urethra (the tube that conducts urine from the bladder).</span> <span class="notranslate">In these parts of the body usually has bacteria.</span><span class="notranslate">However, they are women and men who are not circumcised are very close.</span> <span class="notranslate">Do bladder infections occur when bacteria get through the urethra into the bladder.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Factors that increase the risk of bladder infection:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Vaginal sex</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The use of spermicides</span><br /><span class="notranslate">History of urinary bladder</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Diabetes</span><br /><span class="notranslate">The risk of bladder infections is increased in men who are circumcised or who practice anal.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Symptoms of bladder - Typical symptoms of a bladder infection are:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Pain or burning sensation when urinating</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Frequent Urination</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Urgent need to urinate</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Blood in the urine</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Fever, back pain, nausea or vomiting are common symptoms of a bladder infection but can occur in people with kidney infection (pyelonephritis).</span> <span class="notranslate">If you notice these symptoms, you must immediately inform your doctor.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Is it an infection of the bladder or something else?</span> <span class="notranslate">- A burning sensation when urinating may occur in patients with vaginitis (eg yeast infection) or urethritis (inflammation of the urethra).</span> <span class="notranslate">Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor before you assume that it is a bladder infection.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Diagnosis of infection in the bladder - simple bladder infection is usually diagnosed based on symptoms only.</span> <span class="notranslate">However, most patients, especially those who for the first time show symptoms of a bladder infection, you should go to a doctor for examination of urine.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Urine culture - Urine culture is a test in which a urine sample is used in the laboratory to try to develop micro-organisms in it.</span> <span class="notranslate">To get the results usually takes 48 hours to pass.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">TREATMENT bladder infection</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Infection of the bladder - In young, healthy adolescents and adults with normal bladder infection treatment involves antibiotic therapy for three to seven days.</span> <span class="notranslate">Typically used antibiotics are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim ®), nitrofurantoin (Macrobid ®), ciprofloxacin (Cipro ®) or levofloxacin (Levaquin ®).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">In men, the infection can affect the prostate and treatment usually lasts for at least 7 days.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Symptoms should subside within one year after the start of treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is very important to finish the entire treatment with antibiotics to cure the infection completely.</span> <span class="notranslate">Call a doctor if symptoms last longer than two to three days after treatment started.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">If necessary, you can use a drug that dulls sensation in the bladder and urethra (fenazopiridin [Pyridium ®]) that in some cases UTI reduced the tingling sensation.</span> <span class="notranslate">A similar drug can be obtained without a prescription (eg Uristat).</span> <span class="notranslate">Both drugs change the color of urine (usually a blue or orange) and may affect laboratory testing.</span> <span class="notranslate">These drugs should not be used longer than 48 hours because of the risk of side effects.</span> <span class="notranslate">These drugs do not treat an infection and antibiotics must be taken.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Some doctors recommend large amounts of fluid in the treatment of urinary tract infections to help flush bacteria from the bladder.</span> <span class="notranslate">Others believe that taking more fluid can antibiotic classes in the bladder and thus make them weaker.</span> <span class="notranslate">There are no studies that deal with this issue.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Also, there are no good studies of the effectiveness of cranberry juice in the treatment of bladder infections;</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Care after illness - If symptoms persist, follow up testing is not necessary in healthy young men and women with bladder infections.</span> <span class="notranslate">Pregnant women are usually asked to do a control urine culture a week or two after the procedure to check if the urine is still finding bacteria.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The reappearance of bladder infection</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Bladder infections and other causes - Some adults, particularly women, bladder infections are common.</span> <span class="notranslate">In this case it is important to confirm that the symptoms (eg, pain or tingling, often urgent urination) caused by infection of the bladder.</span> <span class="notranslate">Symptoms are usually similar in each infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">Urine culture is the best way to determine bladder infections.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">If the urine culture is negative for infection should examine other causes of pain, burning and frequent urination.</span> <span class="notranslate">There is no need to use antibiotics if the urine culture is negative.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">The need for additional testing - It is possible to will require additional tests if you have frequent bladder infections.</span> <span class="notranslate">This is especially true when there are possibilities that there are abnormalities in the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra, or if there is a kidney stone.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Testing for these disorders may include computer tomography (CT), ultrasound or cystoscope (observing the interior of the bladder using a thin instrument with a light like a telescope).</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">You should do more testive and if cured after a bladder infection you notice blood in your urine.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Prevention of recurrence of UTI - women with frequent urinary tract can suggest methods of prevention, which can be:</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Changes in birth control - Women who often have a urinary tract infection, and spermicide use, especially those that use a diaphragm and can be encouraged to use another method of birth control.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Products Cranberry - Use juice or other cranberry products are promiviše as a way of preventing frequent urinary tract infections.</span> <span class="notranslate">This, however, is not proven.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Large amounts of fluids and urinating after intercourse - Although studies have shown that taking large amounts of fluids and urinating after intercourse can prevent infection, some doctors recommend it because it is not harmful.</span> <span class="notranslate">Drinking large amounts of fluids can help to flush bacteria from the bladder.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Postmenopausal women - Postmenopausal women who often have bladder infections may benefit from vaginal estrogen.</span> <span class="notranslate">Vaginal estrogen in the form of a flexible ring that is worn inside the Vega for three months (eg, Estring ®), small tablets (Vagifem ®), or cream (eg, Premarin ® or Estrace ®).</span> <span class="notranslate">A vaginal estrogen'll talk more in the second booklet.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Antibiotics - Preventive treatment with antibiotics can often will recommend if you have a bladder infection and have not responded to other preventive measures.</span> <span class="notranslate">Antibiotics are very effective in preventing recurrence of bladder infections and can be taken in many ways.</span><br /><br /><span class="notranslate">Preventive antibiotics - Low doses of antibiotics can be taken once daily or three times a week for six months to several years.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Antibiotics after sexual intercourse - one, a small dose of antibiotics after intercourse can help women with frequent bladder infections.</span><br /><span class="notranslate">Self-treatment - in some situations it is recommended initiation of antibiotics after the first sign of infection.</span> <span class="notranslate">It is important to do tests (urine) before you start this mode to determine if the symptoms are a result of infection, some people have symptoms of urinary tract infection, but no infection.</span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-27452371088383362042013-04-13T09:12:00.003+02:002013-04-13T09:12:28.695+02:00Normal results of urine<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 1.5;">Urinalysis is one of the most useful screening method, the results can provide basic information about the metabolic state and the state of genito-urinary system.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br />Routine examination of the urine is one of the basic laboratory analysis. Any such examination shall consist of three parts:<br /><br />First Description of the physical and physical-chemical properties of urine: appearance, color, odor, specific gravity and reaction.<br />Second Chemical analysis. The most common chemical analyzes of the analysis on the protein, sugar, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin and nitrite.<br />3rd View the urinary sediment that is. microscopic examination of the sediment that gets stale after centrifugation.<br /><br />First morning urine is collected in a sterile container with the necessary hygiene odgovarojuća patient and do not take the first, the second stream of the first morning urine. Urine should be collected in the appropriate bottle, which can be purchased at any pharmacy, and to avoid other types of packaging, because of possible contamination.<br /><br />Appearance of urine - normal: bright appearance<br />-Turbid urine - indicating an increased number of leukocytes, in an inflammatory process, as well as fungi, bacteria, mucus and other elements that can be found in urine sediment.<br /><br />Color - normal: yellow. Color may vary depending on the amount of liquid loaded - from light yellow to dark yellow, and it is influenced and increased body temperature, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea. What is urine more concentrated, the color is darker. Interestingly, the pink color of urine can occur, for example, when consumed higher amounts of beets or blackberries.<br /><br />-Dark brown urine - indicating an increase in bilirubin, which is usually a sign of liver damage or the onset of jaundice. Some people normally have an increased bilirubin, so that they look like normal urine.<br /><br />-The Red urine - indicating the presence of hemoglobin, which usually indicates kidney damage, which the blood appears in the urine (usually kidney stones or sand), but also in various inflammatory processes, damage to the urinary tract and bladder.<br /><br />Response - normal: acidic pH, pH is between 5 and 6<br />• Alkaline reaction - usually indicates a bacterial infection.<br /><br />Specific density - reference value of 1.012 to 1.025, varies depending on the amount of liquid loaded and ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine<br />-Increased density may be a sign of diabetes, hypertension, disorders of the adrenal gland hormones function, kidney damage. It occurs due to the increased water loss - vomiting, diarrhea and fever.<br />-Is usually reduced by the increased excretion of urine.<br /><br />Proteins - Normal: negative<br />-Can be positive due to increased physical activity or during pregnancy, when it is not a sign of pathology. The appearance of protein in the urine in all other states is a sign of an inflammatory process.<br /><br />Glucose - normal: negative<br />-Positive result of glucose in the urine is mainly associated with increased values of this parameter in the blood (above 10 mmol / L), which usually happens in diabetics.<br /><br />Acetone - Normal: negative<br />-Positive finding is present in diabetics<br /><br />Bilirubin - Normal: negative<br /><br />Urobilinogen - Normal: negative<br />-Positive results may be a sign of liver damage or bile.<br /><br />Nitrites - Normal: negative<br />-Positive finding is an indicator of the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract<br /><br />Erythrocytes - Normal: negative or a very few, one or two in the microscope field<br />-Found in the urine indicates disturbance in the functioning of the kidney or urinary tract, and a possible urinary stones. This finding may also occur after heavy physical work or injury<br /><br />Erythrocytes fresh - Normal: negative<br />-Pozifivni are usually a sign of the presence of urinary stones or sand in the kidney and urinary<br />roads.<br /><br />Erythrocytes fade - Normal: negative<br />-The most positive sign due to infection or chronic kidney disease.<br /><br />Leukocytes - Normal: up to 5<br />-They are found in urine sediment when it comes to the existence of inflammatory processes and infections. Usually with a large number of white blood cells occurs and an increased number of bacteria, and in this situation, recommendations and urine culture done.<br /><br />Cylinders - Normal: negative. Cylinders are forms that occur in the kidney tubules and take their shape.<br />-Positive findings indicate chronic renal disease. In the urine of healthy individuals can only be found so. hyaline casts and rare. Cell, granular and waxy casts are a sign of pathological conditions and their identification is important for the diagnosis or ask of the disease.<br /><br />Epithelial cell panel - normal: small<br />-These cells line the urinal tract. Their appearance in the urine to any extent no greater diagnostic value.<br /><br />Round epithelial cells - normal: negative<br />-A positive finding indicates the most damage to the kidneys.<br /><br />Bacteria - Normal: negative<br />-Bacteria may be small, it does not necessarily indicate infection, but contamination due to improper sample taken. If there is enough urine sample (or how it's used in the lab report said "mass") that's a good sign of a urinary infection.<br />And salt crystals<br />Amorphous urates - Normal: negative<br />-A positive finding has no diagnostic value.<br /><br />Crystals of calcium oxalate - normal: small<br />-A positive test result does not necessarily indicate disease, but may be a sign of kidney sand.<br /><br />Uric acid crystals - Normal: negative<br />-A positive finding indicates a kidney disease.<br /><br />Triple phosphate crystals - Normal: negative<br />-A positive finding may be a sign of bacterial infection.<br /><br />Mucus - Normal: negative or slightly<br />-A positive finding is of little diagnostic value.<br /><br />Fungi - Normal: negative<br />-A positive finding is the most common sign of a fungal infection, and can occur in diabetics.<br /><br />Sperm - Normal: negative<br />-A positive finding occurs in older men and indicates damage to the prostate. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-20386781010217345722013-04-13T09:11:00.004+02:002013-04-13T09:11:52.022+02:00Normal urine findings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 1.5;">Normal results of urine / urine:</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br />Appearance<br />Urine in healthy people is a clear liquid that can roil standing Zgog flocs secretion or due to the presence of different salts, while in various comorbid conditions may cause the presence of microorganisms, leukocytes, erythrocytes and crystals of various drugs.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br />Color<br />Light yellow - light straw and stems of urinary pigments such as urohrom (from hemoglobin), uroetrin (of melanin), urorosein (from indoloctne acid), urobilin (from urobilinogen), and standing in a dark air-oxidation of colorless chromogen into a colored product .<br />Odor<br />Aromatic. The smell of food influences, and some medications. Standing of urine is urea decomposes into ammonia, which results in the smell of ammonia. The unpleasant odor is a urinary tract infection due to the presence of bacteriuria and leukocyturia (pus). The conditions that result ketonurijom (diabetes - diabetes mellitus, starvation, malabsorption) can be stale smell of the fruit.<br />Osmolality<br />Osmolality and urine specific gravity indicators of renal concentration capacity and decrease in osmolality is the first sign of renal failure, even before the rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine.<br />pH<br />4.5-8 (approximately, 6):<br />Kidneys are the lungs, the organs in the regulation of acid-base balance as regulating the secretion of acid that is produced by normal metabolic processes. High pH of urine is an indication of urinary tract infection, but it may indicate that the urine is not fresh. An important role of pH of urine to create a urinary stones because ionic composition and solubility of substances that affect stone formation and the crystallization depend on the pH of urine.<br />Specific gravity<br />1005-1030<br />Specific gravity and osmolality of urine are indicators of renal concentration capacity.<br />Protein-protein: negative<br />The protein in the urine are a mixture of high-and low-molecular protein produced by filtration plasma proteins from kidney and those of uro-tract, which results in different proteinuria. Most proteins secreted in the urine of healthy individuals is postglomerulanog origin and detection of specific proteins, such as albumin sensitive test for the detection of renal disease.<br />Ketones: Negative<br />Ketone bodies (acetone, acetocetna acid and beta-hidroksimalačna acid) are the products of degradation of fatty acid normally present in the blood and urine in very small concentrations.Increased concentrations indicate the development of diabetic complications, and they are found in the urine of diabetic ketoacidosis, pediatric patients and pregnant women.<br />Glucose: negative<br />Glucose is reabsorbed in the tubules of the primary urine, and since they can not all tubule reabsorbed glucose, a certain amount of glucose in the urine passes, a 0.08 mmol / L glucose. The appearance of glucose in the urine, glycosuria, occurs when blood glucose exceeds the ability of reabsorption in the renal tubules and appears in people with high blood sugar caused by different states.<br /><br />Sediment / microscopic examination:<br />Hematopoetičke station<br />Hematopoetičke cells are erythrocytes (ERC), leukocytes (Lkc), eosinophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages.<br /><br />Erythrocytes<br />The urine of healthy persons may contain several ERC, but never more than 3 per field Erc large increase. Erc presence in urine, hematuria, serious diagnostic findings and is always an indication of a urinary tract infection due to bleeding or kidney disease. If blood is macroscopically visible, called makrohematurijom, while the word microhematuria only when the blood can be determined by the microscopic examination. The causes are multiple and hematuria can be divided into renal parenchymal disease hematuria, renal vascular disease, urinary tract disease and ekskrecijske systemic coagulation disorder. Renal hematuria usually cause glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial damage and vasculitis that damage the blood stream nephron.<br />Makrohematurija the most urological problem should first check whether the patient has called.painless haematuria that appears in kidney cancer, coagulopathy, acute glomerulonephritis, check if there are any problems at dizurični urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, renal tuberculosis, hemorrhagic cystitis, check whether the present pain that occurs in polycystic kidney disease, renal cell carcinoma, or present to the extent as in nephrolithiasis, papillary necrosis. Finally, it should check whether the patient is taking anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors.<br /><br />Mikrohematuriju pathology characterized by the number of urinary sediment (> 3 Erc in sight) and the appearance of red blood cells. Morphological changes of perfectly round "isomorphic" to the ERC significantly changed cell "dismorfičnih" ERC to locate origin of bleeding. "Isomorphic" Erc usually come from the lower part of the urinary tract, while "dismorfični" Erc indicate kidney disease. The presence of> 80% »dismorfičnih" ERC indicates glomerular hematuria. Acanthocytes, sub dismorfičnih erythrocytes, but it seems that the amount of> 5% of the total number of ERC, indicate glomerular bleeding origin.<br /><br />Haemoglobinuria<br />The finding of hemoglobin in the urine occurs in hemolytic anemia after transfusion of incompatible blood, and the more intense states of decay ERC and the resulting increase in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. Give more blood red color urine (oxyhemoglobin). In acidic urine hemoglobin passes into methemoglobin, which gives the urine brown. In addition to hemoglobin in the urine could be extracted and myoglobin.<br /><br />Leukocytes<br />Leukocytes in the urine of healthy persons normally found, but their number increased leading indicator for urinary tract infection, as well as non-infectious kidney disease.<br />Leukocyturia associated with bacteriuria due to inflammation of the bladder (cystitis) or kidney (pyelonephritis).<br /><br />Leukocyturia may be: renal origin, and it is then related to the infection of the upper parts of the urinary tract (acute and chronic), acute glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, reflux disease, polycystic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis, renal tuberculosis, urinary tract obstruction. originating from the lower part of the urinary tract in cystitis,<br />Stones in the bladder papillomas, bladder cancer, bladder diverticulosis.<br />originating in the prostate and urethra urethritis at different etiology (sexually transmitted infections, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea) and prostatitis, chronic and acute, inflammation of the gland (Cowper, Littre, the seminal bags).<br />illness adjacent organs at appendicitis, adnexitis, piosalpingitisa,<br />cancer of the uterus, rectum, cecum sigmoid part of the colon.<br /><br />Eosinophils<br />Eosinophils are present in the urinary sediment of urine infection and then make up <5% of total Lkc.A higher percentage of eosinophils can be found in ateroembolijskih kidney disease, as well as in secondary acute interstitial nephritis due to drug allergy. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Lymphocytes<br />Lymphocytes are a rare finding in the urinary sediment. The appearance of lymphocytes is associated with chronic inflammation, viral diseases, as well as in cases of rejection of transplanted kidney. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Macrophages<br />Macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes), are cells that are found in the urine in the inflammatory process. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Epithelial cells<br />Epithelial cells include: squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium, renal tubular epithelial cells and lipid.<br /><br />Squamous epithelium<br />Squamous epithelium is the largest cells in the urinary sediment and dates from the end segments of the urinary tract (urethra) and the vagina, which is often present in small numbers in the urinary sediment. These are polygonal cells, and come individually, although often occur in clusters.Sometimes you can see the colonization of bacteria in the cytoplasm of the cell, which is thought to be an important step in the development of urinary tract infection.<br />If there is already a lot of sediment squamous epithelium cells, and the absence of Lkc, it shows that the cells come from the lower part of the urethra, and generally means pollution as improper collection or badly managed toilets vulva. Such a finding of no diagnostic value, and if there is a high number Lkc, must be excluded vaginal contamination to confirm urinary tract infections.<br /><br />In very rare cases of malignant processes in the lower parts of the urinary tract can be found squamous epithelium cells in the urinary sediment, but then show the changes in the structure and shape of the nucleus. In the event of such findings require further cytological processing.<br /><br />The transitional epithelium<br />The transitional epithelium or "urotel" is visokospecifični multilayer epithelium that lines the cistern pitchers renal, bladder in women and proximal urethra in men. Finding TCC cell is most common in the lower parts of the urinary tract infection or a urological disorders deeper layers, malicious processes, various infections, urinary stones or kidney hydronephrosis.<br /><br />Renal tubular epithelium<br />Kidney tubular epithelium is a single layer epithelium lining the nephron, including the cells that line the glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts, which occur in a large number of different forms. The appearance of these cells in the urine is associated with acute tubular necrosis and rejection of the transplanted kidney, with fever, various toxic damage (drugs, particularly aspirin, heavy metals), various inflammations, infections and tumors. Tubular cells are usually associated with findings suggestive of renal parenchymal disease. Sometimes, but very rarely, can be found in the urine of healthy individuals as a result of epithelial regeneration.<br /><br />Lipid station<br />Lipid fatty degeneration cells signify-renal tubular epithelial cells in the urine usually appear as free lipid droplets of fat or saturated tubular epithelium cells, so-called. oval fatty corpuscles. They can also be embedded in fatty cylinders, as well as cholesterol crystals. How to bind to proteins, lipids, lipidurija is typically a sign of heavy proteinuria, which is related to the extensive damage to the kidneys. In the urine of healthy persons of lipid cells are not present.<br /><br />Crystals<br />The appearance of crystals in the urine is dependent on urine pH and is relatively common finding, although in fresh urine is usually not present. How urine can be acidic or alkaline, the crystals may be present only or mainly in acidic or alkaline urine.<br />Acid crystals in the urine are normal: urate, calcium oxalate, hipurna acids and salts of amorphous urates.<br />Crystals in alkaline urine are normal: calcium phosphate, tripel phosphate, calcium carbonate, amorphous urate salts and ammonium biurat.<br />Pathological acid crystals in the urine are: cystine, leucine, tyrosine, cholesterol.<br />Other crystals: bilirubin, hemosiderin, sodium urate, kalcijef sulfate crystals and drugs.<br />Urates were clinically significant only if they are in fresh urine. Abundant presence of crystals is an indication for gout intoxication or drugs, for example. citostatičnim drugs, and can be found in diseases characterized by increased degradation of the cell nucleus, eg. leukosis.<br /><br />Calcium oxalate are present in people who have a tendency to create urinary stones, or have any clinical relevance. They can be found in people who consume foods rich in oxalate, such as tomatoes, spinach or lettuce, for patients with diabetes and jaundice, and in ethylene glycol poisoning. The presence of crystals can cause mild hematuria.<br /><br />Hipurna acid is found after administration of aspirin, such as fever and patients with liver disease.<br /><br />Phosphates occur as calcium phosphate or phosphate tripel (magnesium-ammonium phosphate) in alkaline urine or urine in which the downtime occurred due to bacteria.<br /><br />Bilirubin is a rarely occurs in people with liver disease or in different obstruction of bile ducts.<br /><br />Hemosiderin can be found in patients with intravascular hemolysis.<br /><br />Crystals are different drugs and crystals appeared after long-term use of some medications.<br /><br />Cystine can be induced to aggregate the creation of urinary (kidney) stones.<br /><br />Tyrosine is found in liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis) or intoxications organic solvents as well as in leukemia.<br /><br />Leucine is usually found together with crystals of tyrosine in liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis) or intoxications organic solvents as well as in leukemia.<br /><br />Cholesterol is a rare and always abnormal findings (extensive kidney damage - nefritički syndrome, urogenital tract infections, with hilurije which happens when torokalnoj or abdominal obstruction of lymphatic drainage.<br /><br />Other crystals appear in the urine, but without any clinical significance (amorphous phosphates, amorphous urates - gout, fever, concentrated urine, calcium carbonate - after filling up on vegetables, biurat ammonium, calcium sulfate and sodium urate).<br /><br />Cylinders<br />Cylinders are the elements that make up the casts of tubules that come from the distal tubule, loop of Henle and collecting ducts. Size and shape vary and depend on the source.<br /><br />Hyaline casts<br />Their increased number can be found in fever, reinforced body burden, diuretics, heart disease, chronic kidney disease and acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis.<br /><br />Nehijalini cylinders with plasma proteins<br />Cylinders made of plasma proteins are divided into cylinders granulated (fine and coarse granular).The presence of coarse granular cylinders sign of the extensive glomerulonephritis, rarely appearing with pyelonephritis. In a healthy person can only occur after a very heavy physical exertion. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br />Wax cylinders were built primarily of plasma proteins, and their presence in urine is always associated with serious renal disease such as glomerulonephritis, malignant hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, and the rejection of transplanted extensive chronic kidney disease. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Hemoproteinski cylinders include hemoglobin (refer to parenchymal hemorrhage) and mioglobinske cylinders that can be found in patients with kidney disease caused by the "crush" syndrome. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Nehijalini cylinders with cells<br />Nehijalini cylinders stations have built the inclusion of which is then divided into:<br />Erythrocyte cylinders denote mukoproteinske cylinders that are incorporated in the ERC. Their presence in urine is always an indicator of renal parenchymal hemorrhage or acute lesions of glomerular basement membrane (glomerulonephritis). They can be found in collagen, heart failure, malignant hypertension. In rare cases, may be present in acute pyelonephritis and in ischemic renal disease. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br />Renal tubular epithelial cylinders are made of mukoproteinskoga matrix and cell-renal tubular epithelium. Such cylinders are present in the urine in cases where they can be found free kidney cells - tubular epithelial cells, which may be in acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy in the occasion of toxic damage to the kidneys, as well as in the initial phase of rejection transplanted. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br />Fatty cylinders on the surface of fat droplets have, and their findings may be expected in the more extensive kidney damage, especially in nephrotic syndrome in subacute and chronic inflammatory kidney diseases, diabetes and nephrotic syndrome with massive proteinuria. In the urine of healthy people are not present. Composite cylinders, whose matrix is made up of more than one protein, which may contain cells or other inclusions, indicate defects in several segments of the nephron.Erythrocytes in the cylinder warning of glomerular damage, whereas leukocytes suggestive of pyelonephritis or interstitial disease. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br />Nehijalini cylinders with bilirubin<br />Nehijalini cylinders occur when bilirubin is excreted in urine conjugated bilirubin hyaline to yellowish-brown colored matrix. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Other nehijalini cylinders<br />Bacterial and fungal cylinders are finding rare and occur in immunocompromised patients with bacterial and fungal infection of the kidney. Bacterial cylinders can be found in pyelonephritis. In the urine of healthy people are not present.<br /><br />Pseudocilindri<br />Pseudocilindri are creations of cylindrical shape that occur outside the kidney, and appear in the urine and are morphologically similar to the right cylinders. It is also called cilindroidima, and their presence does clinical significance. These include phosphate, or urate cilindroidi cilindroidi urate crystals. May be present in the urine of healthy people.<br /><br />Cause infections and infestations<br />Bacteria in the urine of healthy people are not present, but a small number can be found due to contamination caused by improper collection of urine or prolonged standing at room temperature.Exact identification can be made on the basis of microbiological tests.<br />Fungi are round or oval homogeneous structure without inclusions. They can occur in the form of hyphae. They are usually present in diabetics, women who use contraceptives in patients with long-term antibiotic or immunosuppressive therapy.<br /><br />Parasites in the urine usually result from genital or fecal contamination. Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common finding. It can cause vaginitis in women and urethritis in men. If he is alive, it is easy to recognize by the irregular movement, as well as Flutter whip and undulating membrane. If he is dead, it is difficult to differ from small round or leukocytes, epithelial cells.<br /><br />Artifacts / Pollution<br />Artifacts / pollution, all the elements that come into the urine by external means, such as hairs, fibers, cotton, grains, powders, granules of glass dust and the like.<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-83743288651873436012013-04-13T09:10:00.005+02:002013-04-13T09:10:27.865+02:00Urinary tract infections in children<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;">The term urinary tract infection means the invasion of microorganisms in the tissues of the urinary system.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Urinary infections are the primary causes of intestinal bacteria. Escherichia coli causes 60-90% of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The sources of one's own gut flora. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by so-called. "Uropathogen" serogroup Escherichia coli (UPEC), certain virulence properties. </span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: #faffe0; clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">The term urinary tract infection means the invasion of microorganisms in the tissues of the urinary system. The vast majority of these are bacterial infections to urinary tract infections, the term refers to the practice of all the states in which a significant number of bacteria found in the urine. Urinary tract infections occur in both sexes in all age groups. The children's ages are most common immediately after the inflammation of the airways. The frequency depends on the age and sex of the child. In the neonatal age are often associated with an abnormality of the urinary system. The incidence of infections in the first three months is more common in boys, and then it became more frequent in girls. Short urethra female urinary system provides three times more often than men.Conducive to infection and anatomical malformations (eg, double ureter), the presence of obstructions (stones), vesicourethral reflux (return of urine from the bladder into the upper parts of the urinary system), diabetes and so on. When urinary tract infections occur in the normal urinary system, called primary (uncomplicated), while those in the urinary system anatomical abnormalities secondary means (complicated). Clinically, urinary tract infections can flow either symptomatic or asymptomatic. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Asymptomatic UTI indicating the presence of significant bacteriuria without symptoms of urinary system. Symptomatic urinary tract infections can affect any part of the urinary system. When kidney surgery and its channel system speaks of pyelonephritis. Infections of the urinary bladder and the urethra is called urethritis and cystitis (cistouretritis). In children, especially young people, is prone to infection quickly spread to the entire urinary system, regardless of which part is started. Children with risk factors for Urinary infections, and those with completely normal urinary system, Urinary infections can be repeated. Such repeated urinary tract infections can be a relapse or reinfection. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Relapse is the inflammation caused by the same microorganism that is detected before treatment sore back, and in the two weeks after the treatment was not detected by urine culture bacterial growth.When a small group of patients relapse due to the silent (subclinical) infection kidney (pyelonephritis).It is believed that relapse may be due to duplication of the same bacteria in the vagina or the area around the urethra and anus. These recurrent infections occur due to "climb" and again multiplied microorganisms in the urinary system. This mechanism inflammation occurs again two weeks after cessation of antibiotic therapy prior to infection. "Silent" inflammation of the kidneys in the beginning can cause symptoms of inflammation of the lower part of the urinary system, and look like an inflammation of the urethra or bladder. Since the initial dose of antibiotics do not cure kidney infection, symptomatic relapse occurs shortly after the termination of their intake. Proper and sufficiently long treatment with antibiotics can cure the infection. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Reinfection is a new episode of propagation of microorganisms and the development of inflammation caused by bacterial infection other than the former (ie the inflammation caused by Klebsiella spec. Following the inflammation caused by the Escherichia coli). Infection can be caused by the same organism as the inflammation passed, in which case a relapse and reinfection distinguished by the fact that reinfection is separated from the previous period of asymptomatic infection of at least one month after discontinuation of antibiotics and regular urine. The difference between relapse and reinfection is important because it is used differently in each treatment. Relapsing infections associated with a more comprehensive diagnostic, treatment, and longer in some cases surgical intervention. It is believed that most of inflammation due to repeated reinfection. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Cause - "uropathogen" Escherichia coli </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Urinary infections are the primary causes of intestinal bacteria. Escherichia coli causes 60-90% of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The sources of one's own gut flora. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by so-called. "Uropathogen" serogroup Escherichia coli (UPEC), certain virulence properties. Uropathogen Escherichia coli differs from the others by the presence of specific growth on the surface (saw), which specifically bind to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract. This has prevented their mechanical removal of the urine stream. This explains why some children, even when they have no more prone to urinary tract anomaly, urinary tract infections, particularly pyelonephritis.Infections caused by Escherichia coli Uropathogen is usually more severe, longer lasting, more repeats and takes longer antimicrobial treatment. So, out of a total of 150 serotypes of E. coli Uropathogen only some (01, 02, 04, 06, 07, 025, 075, 0150), of which again only one cause infection of renal parenchyma. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">The clinical picture </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections depend on the site of the infection, the cause of the infection, a person's age, the presence anomlija urinary system and the number of previous infections.When the site of infection lower urinary tract, the typical symptom is dysuria. Body temperature is usually elevated. In contrast, inflammation of the upper urinary tract and kidney parenchyma is manifested by a sharp increase in body temperature with Treskavica and a feeling of general illness.Often there is pain in the lumbar area. The symptoms are especially pronounced for E. coli infection, while other bacterial infections give significantly fewer symptoms. The rule is that the symptoms of urinary tract infections that are less typical younger child. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Diagnostic </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">When a suspected urinary infection is necessary to prove the direct causes of the causes of urine. In adults and older children, that control urination, it is best to use the first morning urine. To avoid contamination of urine in natural discharge, it is a mild soap and water to wash the external genitalia.The first stream of urine should be left to her otplavili microorganisms that live in front of the urethra and then into a sterile sample container. For the collection of urine in young children using the pediatric bags which are placed immediately after washing genitals and removed immediately after the urine. If the urine does not show up within 45 minutes of putting a new bag after repeated washing genitals. Urine for culture should be sent to the microbiology laboratory immediately after taking it, but if this is not possible, the sample can be kept at a temperature of 4 º C up to 24 hours after ingestion. To determine the presence of pathogens, urine biochemical and microbiological examination. </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Microscopic examination required signs of inflammation, including: leukocytes, erythrocytes and bacteria. </span><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">For the purpose of isolation of bacteria, urine is sown on nutrient media, ie.It is a urine culture. Normal urine contains no bacteria (it is sterile). If the underlying growth of bacteria, urine culture is positive. Positive urine determines the number of bacteria per ml of urine, type isolates, and to determine the sensitivity tj.resistance to certain groups of antibiotics. </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-34682276304490656722013-04-13T09:09:00.005+02:002013-04-13T09:09:54.003+02:00Urinary tract infections in adults<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;">Urinary tract infections are the most common infectious disease group.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;">Urinary infections are a diverse group of diseases that present with clinical signs of inflammation of the bladder, kidney, prostate, urethra and epididymis and testis.</span><span style="background-color: #faffe0; line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: #faffe0; clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">They differ in etiology, epidemiology, localization, symptoms and treatment options, and prognosis and complications. It is a very common practice in clinical settings, family physicians, infectious disease specialist, internist and urologist. Although the urinary system can be affected by the spread of microorganisms by blood (hematogenous) or lymphoma, the most common urinary tract colonization is a retrograde spread of infection in the urethra of the upper parts of the urinary tract which refers particularly to intestinal bacteria (E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae). </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">In addition to the above-mentioned diseases, which have their own specific clinical picture, there may be bacteria in the urine, which does not lead to the onset of symptoms, and this condition is called "asymptomatic bacteriuria". It should be noted, and sexually transmitted infection caused by Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma chlamydia, trichomonas, and Neisseria gonorhoeae Human papilloma virus (HPV). Such infections are usually present as inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) or epididymis (epididymitis). Some types of HPV can lead to cervical malignancies. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Furthermore it is very important to distinguish between uncomplicated and complicated infections.Uncomplicated occur in healthy people, mostly in women due to the anatomical structure and relations of pelvic organs. Complicated infections imply the existence of another, functional or organic diseases of the urinary system that supports the creation and support infection (eg, stones, urinary tract malformations, diabetes, other chronic diseases that weaken the body's resistance ...). </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">The most common infection is certainly uncomplicated cystitis in women (inflammation of the bladder) in which more than 80% of cases caused by E. coli. It is advisable, before prescribing antimicrobial therapy, a urine bacterial pathogens but that's not always possible to relatively frequently prescribed antibiotic susceptibility testing and with no finding. In this situation also advises the use of empiric treatment nitrofurantoin (Ninura) 2 times daily 100 mg for 5 days or ciprofloxacin (Cifloxa) 2 250 mg twice a day during the same time. It is important to note that it is necessary to take the 2-3 liters of fluid per day. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Due to the upward spread of bacteria urinary system often develop inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis), which is regularly monitored the appearance of general symptoms such as high fever, pain in the lumbar region, chills and shivering sometimes also vomiting. Such a situation, if the infection is uncomplicated, it can be cared for at home and empirical antibiotic therapy of choice is ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) but now at a dose of 2 500 mg twice a day for 10 days. </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Often uncomplicated infection in women persistently recur so we need to give prophylactic antibiotics taking low doses over a long period of time. Certainly a previous infection should prior to cure, and to confirm the findings of two sterile urine at intervals of 1-2 weeks. Then we can start where prophylaxis is usually prescribed nitrofurantoin (Ninur) once daily at a dose of 50 or 100 mg. There is also a so-called. postcoital prophylaxis where nitrofurantoin (Ninur) is taken after sexual intercourse, and only one tablet of 100 mg. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Patients with diabetes, and those taking immunosuppressive therapy, are particularly vulnerable to the emergence and spread of urinary tract infections. Nearly a quarter of women with diabetes has značajnju amount of bacteria in the urine and usually it is enterobacteria or Klebsiella. Pregnant women are particularly exposed rizinku occurrence of urinary tract infections and cystitis is most at risk of progression to kidney inflammation. If a pregnant woman has no symptoms, but the urine has more than 1000 bacteria per milliliter ("more than 10 on the third") are advised to take nitrofurantoin (Ninur) 2 times daily, 100 mg, for 3-5 days. </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Urological diseases that are further complicated by an infection requiring removal of the primary cause, or the underlying disease, usually surgically. In such circumstances it is necessary to first remove the obstruction caused by concrement, stricture or enlarged prostate, but of course at the same time treat the infection, where a group of fluorinated quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin - Ciflox) plays an important role. If it is a urological operations that are not followed by the infection, then with sterile urine-so. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose usually during induction of anesthesia. If the procedure works without anesthesia, such as prostate biopsy prophylaxis is given orally and ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) 2x500 mg a day before the biopsy, the biopsy day and three days later. </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">Other urological diseases such as urethritis, prostatitis and epididymitis is often treated with antibiotics and other, sometimes in the form of combination therapy, but in the case of poor therapeutic effect is often used fluorinated quinolones - ciprofloxacin (Ciflox) and later in the prevention of recurrence of nitrofurantoin (Ninur) . </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #faffe0;">In patients who have permanent urinary catheter antibiotic therapy is not required if there is evidence of infection, which is necessary for a couple of days after the catheter. Most are due to high fever and chills and shivering and frequently develop and epididymitis. </span><br /><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><br />It is important to emphasize that every antibiotic treatment with urinary tract infections need to take plenty of fluids, and all kinds of urethral and ureteral catheter removed as soon as possible, or as soon as circumstances permit. </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1121190750936929132.post-51683057727811044452013-04-13T09:09:00.000+02:002013-04-13T09:09:02.067+02:00Urinalysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 1.5;">Pathological urine is more than 10 white blood cells in 1 ml of urine and more than 10 white blood cells in the sixth 12-hour urine.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><br /><br /><br />Urine sample for analysis taken after the patient for at least three hours is not urinating, mostly by pure MSU, less frequent urinary catheter or suprapubic puncture.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><br />At UTI point leukocyturia, bacteriuria and cilindriurija. Occasionally encountered hematuria, often as a sign of terminal hemorrhagic cystitis and proteinuria up to 2g in 24-hour urine. Pathological finding is considered to be more than five leukocytes in each field of view of the urinary sediment obtained by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for five minutes and looking under high magnification.<br /><br />As this value depends on the amount of urine centrifugiranog and quantity of supernatant, a more accurate method of determining leukocyturia considered counting of leukocytes in the Fuchs-Rosenthalovoj chamber, and pathologic findings of more than 10 white blood cells in 1 ml of urine and more than 1 out of WBC sixth in the 12-hour urine (Addisov number). Skrinining tests for bacteriuria and Piura<br />A positive leukocyte esterase finding of 8 to 10 white blood cells in each field of view.<br /><br /><br />There are rapid screening test for pyuria and bacteriuria "dipstick" method. The sensitivity of leukocyte esterase test is 75-95%, with a specificity of 94-98%. A positive test corresponds to the findings of 8 to 10 white blood cells in each field of view of the urinary sediment obtained by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and looking under high magnification.<br /><br /><br />Casts in the urine<br /><br />Finding leukocytic and coarse granular cylinders consisting of inflammatory cells, the damaged epithelium and the precipitated protein is considered a sign of pyelonephritis.<br /><br /><br />Determination of bacteriuria<br /><br />In 95% of the samples isolated to only one type of bacteria.<br /><br /><br />For the determination of bacteriuria is of particular importance sampling urine properly. It can be proved by various commercial chemical or enzymatic methods, unspun urine microscopy drops of Gram staining, microscopic examination of urine sediment centrifugiranog or various bacteriological methods, one of which is the best method of cultivation is properly taken sample of urine, enumeration of bacteria in 1 ml of urine and testing their sensitivity to various antimicrobial agents. In 95% of the samples isolated to only one type of bacteria, and in 5% of isolating two or more types of bacteria.<br /><br />Approximate test for bacteria is nitrate test. Performs "dipstick" method. Its sensitivity is 35-85% and specificity of 32-100%. False-negative test will give the bacteria that do not reduce nitrate (staphylococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).<br /><br />A positive leukocyte esterase and clinical symptoms of sufficient criterion for the diagnosis of acute uncomplicated cystitis. In these patients prior to the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and during the period of control, urine culture is not strictly indicated.<br /><br /><br />Differential diagnosis of urine analysis<br /><br />In patients with clinical symptoms of the disease urinary and / or genital tract is leukocyturia and the absence of significant bacteriuria, to look for other possible causes, which are primarily Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasmas.<br /><br /><br />When do urine culture?<br /><br />Urine culture should be done in pregnant women, diabetics, recurrent infections and pyelonephritis before treatment.<br /><br /><br />Urine culture should be performed prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy of UTI in pregnant women, diabetics, recurrent UTI, if there is no success before the treatment with pyelonephritis.<br /><br />A diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis must be confirmed by examining leukocytes and bacteria in the samples of the first and midstream urine, expressed prostatic and urine samples taken after prostate massage and taking exprimate (Meares and Stamey method).<br />Patients with frequent relapses and reinfections and they suspected the existence of possible complicating factors, are subject to various urological, radiological and radioisotopic examinations (cystoscopy, urography ekskrecijska, mikcijska cystography, sonography, computed tomography, determination of residual urine, dynamic renal scintigraphy, etc. .). </div>
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